運動的神經基礎

Neural Basis of Movement, Spring 2003

2003春季課程
概述了生物系統中運動控制的一般原理和特殊例子。強調了運動和運動規劃的各個方面的神經機制。涵蓋了感覺傳入,反射弧,脊椎組織,運動模式產生,肌肉功能,(譯者加:肢體的)移動肢體動作,眼球運動,和運動控制的認知層面。運動中樞結構的功能包括小腦、基底核和大腦皮層。本課程還討論了皮層可塑性,運動的學習和運動控制的計算取向,以及運動障礙。

指定教科書

課綱與詳述事項

  • 課程重點

本大學課程是介紹運動控制和運動學習。大量的閱讀清單使學生在本領域經典研究上打下牢固的基礎,並引導學生到研究的最前沿。相關資源可以讓學生深入瞭解本課程未能涵蓋的特別主題。

 

  • 課程介紹

運動控制研究領域內的核心問題之一是理解我們的運動企圖是如何最後成為行動的。本課程概述了生物系統中運動控制的一般原理和特殊例子。在系統層次探討運動設計及其神經機制。還討論了參與反饋調節和控制的結構和系統。以上涵蓋了感覺傳入,反射弧,脊椎組織,運動模式產生,肌肉功能,運動,眼球運動,運動控制的認知層面。闡釋了運動中樞的結構以及它們與小腦、基底核和大腦皮層之間的互動。本課程還討論了皮層可塑性,運動學習和運動控制的計算取向,以及運動障礙。

 

  • 要求

必須的閱讀

兩個上台報告

最後一節課上台介紹最少五頁的小計畫

期中考試

期末考試

相關連結

以下鏈結是神經科學和運動系統領域補充材料的網上資料。這些包涵了許多開放性鏈結網站的專業學會.其中許多站點提供了更加詳盡深入的研究資源和教學用的可下載資源.

 

The links below are online references for additional resources in the field of neuroscience and motor systems. These range from professional societies that maintain links to areas that any reader can explore in this field. Many of the linked sites provide resources for further study, as well as downloadable resources that can be used for classroom teaching. 

 

 

 

神經科學

Neuroscience

神經科學學會從事腦發育、感覺認知、學習記憶、運動、睡眠、壓力、衰老和神經精神疾病方面的研究。還從事神經系統功能相關的分子、細胞和基因研究。

The Society for Neuroscience addresses the study of brain development, sensation and perception, learning and memory, movement, sleep, stress, aging and neurological and psychiatric disorders. It also includes the molecules, cells and genes responsible for nervous system functioning.

國際腦研究組織創建宗旨在於促進世界科學資源在腦研究上的開發、利用。

The International Brain Research Organization was founded to enhance the mobilization and utilization of the world's scientific resources for research on the brain.

國家健康研究院主管美國醫學和行為學研究,隸屬于衛生與公眾服務部。

The National Institutes of Health (NIH) is the steward of medical and behavioral research for the United States, governed under the U.S. Department of Health and Human Services.

國家科學基金會鼓勵美國以及世界各國的科學家和工程師進行科學資訊的互換。

The National Science Foundation fosters the interchange of scientific information among scientists and engineers in the United States and foreign countries.

美國神經醫學學會為全球醫學專家提供有用資源,以促進神經疾病患者的醫護。

The American Academy of Neurology provides valuable resources for medical specialists worldwide who are committed to improving the care of patients with neurological diseases

美國臨床神經生理學會是專業協會,致力於培養臨床神經生理學的傑出人才,通過教育、科研和提供討論交流平臺來加深對平常人及患者的中樞神經系統功能的理解。

The American Clinical Neurophysiology Society is a professional association dedicated to fostering excellence in clinical neurophysiology and furthering the understanding of central nervous system function in health and disease through education, research, and the provision of a forum for discussion and interaction.

美國神經心理藥理學大學。神經心理藥理學領域參予了對天然的或人工合成化合物在腦、思維和人類行為方面作用的評估。

American College of Neuropsychopharmacology. The field of neuropsychopharmacology involves the evaluation of the effects of natural and synthetic compounds upon the brain, mind, and human behavior.

歐洲腦和行為學會致力於在歐洲科學家之間進行關於腦機制和行為的資訊交換。

The purpose of the European Brain and Behaviour Society is the exchange of information between European scientists interested in the relationship of brain mechanisms and behavior.

歐洲神經科學協會聯合會旨在促進神經科學的研究和教育。

The Federation of European Neuroscience Societies was established to advance research and education in the neurosciences.

美國神經化學協會致力於促進和提高神經化學和相關科學。

The American Society for Neurochemistry advances and promotes the science of neurochemistry and related.

美國神經移植和修復協會由基礎和臨床神經科學家組成,他們運用移植和相關技術來更好地瞭解神經系統作用的方法,建立對創傷和神經退行性變疾病的修復新方法。

The American Society for Neural Transplantation and Repair is composed of basic and clinical neuroscientists who utilize transplantation and related technologies to better understand the way the nervous system functions and establish new procedures for its repair in response to trauma or neurodegenerative disease.

美國神經調節協會致力於通過臨床研究、教育和出版來促進神經調節領域。

The American Neuromodulation Society is dedicated to advancing the field of neuromodulation through clinical research, education, and print.

美國癲癇協會支持和促進癲癇的生物、臨床和社會科學知識方面的研究、獲得、宣傳和應用。

The American Epilepsy Society is committed to the support and enhancement of the study, acquisition, dissemination, and application of knowledge concerning epilepsy—biological, clinical, and social.

內分泌協會致力於提高公眾在內分泌知識的教育水平。

The Society for Endocrinology aims to promote the advancement of public education in endocrinology.

克里斯多夫 ‧ 李夫癱瘓基金會資助脊髓損傷和其他中樞神經系統疾病導致的癱瘓的醫療科研。[克里斯多夫 ‧ 李夫曾經飾演超人後因墜馬而受傷導致癱瘓]

The Christopher Reeve Paralysis Foundation funds research that develops treatments and cures for paralysis caused by spinal cord injury and other central nervous system disorders.

人類前沿科學計畫支持新穎的、創新性的和跨學科活體器官複雜機制的基礎研究;內容包括分子和細胞取向至系統和認知神經科學。

The Human Frontier Science Program supports novel, innovative, and interdisciplinary basic research focused on the complex mechanisms of living organisms; topics range from molecular and cellular approaches to systems and cognitive neuroscience.

國際事務委員會(SfN and US NAS)援助全球神經科學家的專業訓練和國際合作。

The International Affairs Committee (SfN and US NAS) supports neuroscientists worldwide through professional training and international collaboration.

國際行為學和神經遺傳學協會致力於促進神經行為遺傳學領域的發展。

The International Behavioural and Neural Genetics Society works to promote the field of neurobehavioral genetics.

國際行為學神經科學協會支助行為神經科學領域的科研和教育。

The International Behavioral Neuroscience Society encourages research and education in the field of behavioral neuroscience.

國際神經網路協會致力於加深對生物和人工神經網路的認識。

The International Neural Network Society promotes the understanding of biological and artificial neural networks.

國際疼痛研究聯合會致力於疼痛研究、改善疼痛病人的醫護。

The International Association for the Study of Pain. Dedicated to furthering research on pain and improving the care of patients with pain.

國際神經毒理學聯合會是神經毒理學科學家的組織。聯合會的興趣領域包括了所有研究由化學物質造成神經系統不良反應的所有學門,如神經化學、生理學、神經病理學和行為學。

The International Neurotoxicology Association is an organization of scientists working in the field of neurotoxicology. Fields of interest include all disciplines related to the study of the adverse effects of chemicals on the nervous system, including neurochemistry, physiology, neuropathology, and behavior.

The goal of the International Neuromodulation Society is to to increase the understanding of the mechanisms of neuromodulation and to evaluate existing and new applications.

國際自主神經科學學會是由自主神經系統研究者、醫學專家、教育者、工業專家和學生組成的學會。

The International Society for Autonomic Neuroscience is a society comprising of researchers, medical professionals, academics, industry professionals and students working with the autonomic nervous system.

國際發育神經科學學會(ISDN)是在廣泛意義上對神經系統發育感興趣的基礎和臨床科學家的組織。許多ISDN成員還對衰老以及創傷、疾病相關的神經功能障礙有興趣。

International Society for Developmental Neuroscience is an organization of basic and clinical scientists who are interested in the development of the nervous system in the broadest sense. Many ISDN members are also interested in aspects of aging, as well as neuronal dysfunctions associated with trauma or disease.

國際神經化學學會。本連接入口提供神經化學社團來促進全世界的神經化學和相關學科的進步。

International Society for Neurochemistry. This portal is provided to the neurochemistry community to facilitate the worldwide advancement of neurochemistry and related neuroscience discipline.

腦病理學雜誌是國際神經病理學學會的官方出版物。

Brain Pathology is the official publication of International Society for Neuropathology.

國際心理神經內分泌學學會推廣和傳播荷爾蒙的知識,它們和腦、生理過程、行為的互動,以及臨床應用。

The International Society for Psychoneuroendocrinology promotes and disseminates knowledge on hormones, their interactions with brain, and body processes and behavior, as well as their clinical applications.

神經科學研究所是一個非營利研究中心,致力於探索人類高階腦功能的生物基礎方面的「高風險-高利潤」研究項目。

The Neurosciences Institute is a not-for-profit research center dedicated to "high risk-high payoff" research designed to discover the biological basis of higher-level brain functions in humans.

行為神經內分泌學學會是致力於研究行為和神經內分泌之間互動關係,以增進對行為神經內分泌學的瞭解。

The Society for Behavioral Neuroendocrinology is a scientific society committed to understanding interactions between behavior and neuroendocrine function to advance understanding of behavioral neuroendocrinology.

神經科學婦女會是促進神經科學各職業階層女科學家進步的國際組織。

Women in Neuroscience (WIN) is an international organization promoting the advancement of women neuroscientists at all career levels.

Creutzfeldt-Jakob病基金會提供Creutzfeldt-Jakob 病相關的資訊和資源。[庫賈氏病; 傳染性海綿樣腦病變; 狂牛症]

The Creutzfeldt-Jakob Disease Foundation provides information about and resources pertaining to this disease.

顏肩肱肢型肌肉營養失調學會致力於研究本病,及解決本骨骼肌肉疾病相關的需求,該疾病形式乃為肌肉失調。

The FacioScapuloHumeral Muscular Dystrophy Society addresses issues and needs related to this disease of the skeletal muscle, which is a type of muscular dystrophy.

美國腦膜炎基金會(MFA)幫助支持脊髓腦膜炎患者和他們的家屬。

The Meningitis Foundation of America (MFA) helps support sufferers of spinal meningitis and their families.

運動障礙學會是帕金森氏病、相關的神經退化和神經發育疾病、運動機能亢進性運動障礙、運動張力和運動控制異常等疾病的臨床醫生、科學家和其他健康專家的國際專業學會。

The Movement Disorder Society (MDS) is an international professional society of clinicians, scientists, and other healthcare professionals, who are interested in Parkinson's disease, related neurodegenerative and neurodevelopmental disorders, hyperkinetic movement disorders, and abnormalities in muscle tone and motor control.

國家失語症協會是促進公共教育、研究、康復和支持性服務的機構,以幫助失語症患者和他們的家屬。

The National Aphasia Association promotes public education, research, rehabilitation and support services to assist people with aphasia and their families.

國家家族性自主神經異常研究基金會提供這種自主神經系統異常的相關資訊。

The National Dysautonomia Research Foundation provides information about this dysfunction of the autonomic nervous system.

國家頭痛基金會教育頭痛患者和預防治療方面的健康醫護專家。

National Headache Foundation educates headache sufferers and healthcare professionals about headache causes and treatments.

國家衰老研究所引導廣泛的科學研究力量來闡明衰老的本質,延長健康、積極的生活。

The National Institute on Aging leads a broad scientific effort to understand the nature of aging and to extend the healthy, active years of life.

國家多發性硬化學會促進相關研究和教育,鼓勵研究關鍵議題,並組織廣泛的研究計畫,包括支持已患和新發病人。

The National Multiple Sclerosis Society promotes research, educates, advocates on critical issues, and organizes a wide range of programs, including support for the newly diagnosed and those living with MS over time.

美國國家神經纖維瘤基金會從事研究一組導致多種神經腫瘤的遺傳失調。

The National Neurofibromatosis Foundation of the U.S. addresses a set of genetic disorders which cause tumors to grow along various types of nerves.

國家神經創傷學會通過增進交流、提供論壇、增加國內和國際的支援來促進神經創傷研究。

The National Neurotrauma Society promotes neurotrauma research by enhancing communications, providing a forum, and increasing support on the national and international level.

聽覺神經瘤協會為曾被診斷出或曾患有聽覺神經瘤的患者以及其他良性疾患而影響到腦神經的患者提供資訊和幫助。

The Acoustic Neuroma Association provides information and support to patients who have been diagnosed with or experienced an acoustic neuroma or other benign problem affecting the cranial nerves.

解剖
Anatomy

小鼠發育組織切片注解圖是數位化的發育小鼠圖集和資料庫資源,包含了原位基因表達和細胞系的空間分佈。

Annotated histology sections of developing mouse is a digital atlas of mouse development and a database resource for spatially mapped data such as in situ gene expression and cell lineage.

 

三維小鼠圖集(MRI)網站讓流覽者能查詢出生後13.5天的小鼠胚胎的大腦結構,觀察那些結構和整個胚胎的三維重建圖。

The 3D Mouse atlas (MRI based) site allows visitors to query cerebral structures of a 13.5 dpc mouse embryo and view 3-D reconstructions of those structures as well as reconstructions of the entire embryo.

 

腦神經教程。腦神經的基礎資訊。

Cranial nerve tutorial. Fundamental information about the cranial nerves.

 

猶他大學神經解剖學線上。本站點適合學生需求,包含了可以讓初學者流覽圖表、大體解剖、顯微鏡樣本、定義和圖例的互動性多媒體。

Neuroanatomy online at University of Utah. This site contains interactive multimedia which allows the learner to move between diagrams, gross anatomy, microscopic specimens, definitions, and atlases in a manner tailored to the student's needs.

 

羅耀拉大學。線上神經解剖教程的資訊和內容。

Loyola University. Online neuroanatomy course information and content.

神經解剖和病理學線上。適合醫學學生、公民和其他健康專家的可搜尋式目錄。 

Neuroanatomy and pathology on the Internet is a searchable directory compiled for medical students, residents, and other health professionals.

線上資料
Online References

人腦是愛荷華大學主辦的線上虛擬醫院網站,為人們提供了極好的從嬰兒到成人的中樞神經系統圖像集。

The Human Brain is an online virtual hospital site hosted by the University of Iowa that provides a stunning array of images of the human central nervous system from infants to adults.

全腦圖集是由哈佛醫學院主辦的,展示了不同疾病進程中MRI和fMRI圖像。

The Whole Brain atlas, hosted by the Harvard Medical School, displays pictures from MRI to fMRI in various disease states.

計算(譯者加注:神經科學)
Computation

仿人電氣和電子工程師協會-仿人機器人隨即存取記憶體國際會議。這是一個致能技術(包括處理能力、機電一體化、行走機器、帶鉸鏈的視覺頭端和其他部分)和其他領域新發現和進展(如,人腦研究、語言學、心理學和計算)最新進展的年度會議。

Humanoids IEEE-RAS International Conference on Humanoid Robots. This is an annual conference on recent developments in enabling technologies (processing power, mechatronics, walking machines, articulated vision heads and more), as well as findings and developments in other related fields (e.g., studies of the human brain, linguistics, psychology, and computation).

神經網路動態:從生物物理到行為,理論物理研究所,UCSB 2001年7月23日至12月22日。本論壇的組織圍繞三個交疊議題:知覺和運動,學習和記憶,發展。 

Dynamics of Neural Networks: From Biophysics to Behavior, Institute for Theoretical Physics, UCSB 23 July - 22 December 2001. This workshop was organized around three overlapping themes: perception and movement, learning and memory, and development.

動態的神經科學 (九):時機、持續和反饋調控,國家精神衛生研究所,2001年11月9日,10日。集中探討了神經計算科學的理論工作和實驗資料,特別討論了神經系統進行系統性運作時反饋的必要性。

Dynamical Neuroscience IX: Timing, Persistence and Feedback Control, National Institute of Mental Health, November 9, 10, 2001. Exploration of the convergence of theoretical work and experimental data on neuronal computations that highlight the feedback requirement for the systematic operation of the nervous system.

講者介紹

Prof. Chris Moore

Prof. Emilio Bizzi

Prof. Mriganka Sur

Prof. Peter H. Schiller

Prof. Ann M. Graybiel

翻譯工作人員

翻譯人員洪曉慧

繁體編輯朱學恒、洪曉慧

簡體編輯朱學恒、洪曉慧

檔案後製處理洪曉慧、謝旻均