遺傳神經生物學

• 課程重點

在快速變化的遺傳世界裡，遺傳神經生物學處於最前線的位置。這個課程透過一些更經典的技術給予學生基礎訓練，以及基因操縱方面的最新技術與基因操縱對神經生物學的影響，給予學生奠定基礎。在相關資源部分，學生可以找到很多相關的連結，這些連結有助於探討遺傳疾病及其病因，以及探討生物體內遺傳操縱的治療方案。廣泛的閱讀清單裡檢視這個領域且提供了從線蟲到人類等跨種類的訊息。

以下的連結是關於遺傳神經生物學的補充網上資源。範圍從該領域的專業資料到任何探索此學科的讀者都能讀懂的資料。大部分的連結為進一步的研究提供資料，同時，也有可用於課堂教學的可下載資源。

The links below are online references for additional resources in the field of genetic neurobiology. These range from professional societies that maintain links to areas that any reader can explore in this field. Many of the linked sites provide resources for further study, as well as downloadable resources that can be used for classroom teaching. 

神經科學

Neuroscience

神經科學學會從事多方面的研究，包括腦發育、感覺和感知、學習和記憶、運動、睡眠、壓力、老化、神經和精神混亂。也包括研究引發神經系統功能的分子、細胞和基因。

The Society for Neuroscience addresses the study of brain development, sensation and perception, learning and memory, movement, sleep, stress, aging and neurological and psychiatric disorders. It also includes the molecules, cells and genes responsible for nervous system functioning.

國際腦研究組織為提升世界上腦研究科學資源的動員和利用而創立。

The International Brain Research Organization was founded to enhance the mobilization and utilization of the world's scientific resources for research on the brain.

國家健康協會（NIH）總管全美國醫學和行為研究，隸屬美國健康和人類服務部。

The National Institutes of Health (NIH) is the steward of medical and behavioral research for the United States, governed under the U.S. Department of Health and Human Services.

國家科學基金會鼓勵美國和其他國家科學家和工程師之間的科學訊息交換。

The National Science Foundation fosters the interchange of scientific information among scientists and engineers in the United States and foreign countries.

美國癲癇協會負責支持和提升關於癲癇的生物學、臨床和社會知識的學習、獲取、傳播和應用。

The American Epilepsy Society is committed to the support and enhancement of the study, acquisition, dissemination, and application of knowledge concerning epilepsy—biological, clinical, and social.

國際行為和神經遺傳學協會推進神經行為遺傳學。

The International Behavioural and Neural Genetics Society works to promote the field of neurobehavioral genetics.

國際發育神經科學協會是由最廣義對感覺神經系統發育感興趣的基礎和臨床科學家組成的。許多ISDN成員也對老化以及有關外傷或疾病的神經元功能紊亂感興趣。

International Society for Developmental Neuroscience is an organization of basic and clinical scientists who are interested in the development of the nervous system in the broadest sense. Many ISDN members are also interested in aspects of aging, as well as neuronal dysfunctions associated with trauma or disease.

《腦病理學》是國際神經病理學會的官方刊物。

Brain Pathology is the official publication of International Society for Neuropathology.

國際精神神經內分泌協會推展和傳播有關激素，激素和腦、機體處理、行為之間的關係，以及激素臨床應用的知識。

The International Society for Psychoneuroendocrinology promotes and disseminates knowledge on hormones, their interactions with brain, and body processes and behavior, as well as their clinical applications.

運動紊亂協會是由臨床醫生、科學家和其它健康保健專業人員組成的國際專業協會，這些專業人員都對帕金森病、神經退化或神經發育的相關疾病、運動機能亢奮及肌張力與動作控制的異常情形感興趣。

The Movement Disorder Society is an international professional society of clinicians, scientists, and other healthcare professionals, who are interested in Parkinson's disease, related neurodegenerative and neurodevelopmental disorders, hyperkinetic movement disorders, and abnormalities in muscle tone and motor control.

神經科學學會致力於「高風險－高回報」的研究工作，是一非盈利性研究中心，目的在於深入探索人腦更高水準功能的生物學基礎。

The Neurosciences Institute is a not-for-profit research center dedicated to "high risk-high payoff" research designed to discover the biological basis of higher-level brain functions in humans.

行為神經內分泌學協會是一個科學協會，致力於理解行為與神經內分泌功能之間的相互作用，以進一步理解神經內分泌學。

The Society for Behavioral Neuroendocrinology is a scientific society committed to understanding interactions between behavior and neuroendocrine function to advance understanding of behavioral neuroendocrinology.

Creutzfeldt-Jakob病基金會提供關於這個疾病的訊息和資源。

The Creutzfeldt-Jakob Disease Foundation provides information about and resources pertaining to this disease.

美國腦膜炎基金會（MFA）幫忙扶助脊髓腦膜炎患者及他們的家人。

The Meningitis Foundation of America (MFA) helps support sufferers of spinal meningitis and their families.

運動紊亂協會（MDS）是由臨床醫生、科學家和其它保健專業人員組成的國際專業協會，這些專業人員都對帕金森病、神經退化或神經發育的相關疾病、運動機能亢奮及肌張力與動作控制的異常情形感興趣。

The Movement Disorder Society (MDS) is an international professional society of clinicians, scientists, and other healthcare professionals, who are interested in Parkinson's disease, related neurodegenerative and neurodevelopmental disorders, hyperkinetic movement disorders, and abnormalities in muscle tone and motor control.

國家失語症協會推展公共教育、研究、復原和支援服務，以幫助失語症患者及其家人。

The National Aphasia Association promotes public education, research, rehabilitation and support services to assist people with aphasia and their families.

國家家族性自主神經異常基金會提供關於自主神經功能紊亂的訊息。

The National Dysautonomia Research Foundation provides information about this dysfunction of the autonomic nervous system.

國家頭痛基金會教育頭痛患者和保健專業人員關於頭痛的成因和治療。

National Headache Foundation educates headache sufferers and healthcare professionals about headache causes and treatments.

國家老化學會致力於倡導廣泛的科學努力，以理解老化的本質和延長健康活力的生命。

The National Institute on Aging leads a broad scientific effort to understand the nature of aging and to extend the healthy, active years of life.

國家多發性硬化協會推展對危急時間的研究、教育和倡導，組織一系列項目，包括支持新斷定的患者和已發現患病多時的多發性硬化患者。

The National Multiple Sclerosis Society promotes research, educates, advocates on critical issues, and organizes a wide range of programs, including support for the newly diagnosed and those living with MS over time.

果蠅
Drosophila

果蠅庫為果蠅基因和分子數據庫，包括果蠅科的各個種類，其中表述的主要類型是黑腹果蠅。

Flybase is a database of genetic and molecular data for Drosophila. FlyBase includes data on all species from the family Drosophilidae; the primary species represented is Drosophila melanogaster.

柏克萊果蠅基因組計畫（BDGP）的目的在於把黑腹果蠅常染色體上的基因組序列完善到高品質，以創建並維護該序列的生物學註解。

Berkeley Drosophila Genome Project (BDGP). The goals of the Drosophila Genome Center are to finish the sequence of the euchromatic genome of Drosophila melanogaster to high quality, and to generate and maintain biological annotations of this sequence.

布魯明頓果蠅庫存中心收集、保存各類黑腹果蠅並進行分類，以供研究之用。

The Bloomington Fly Stock Center collects, maintains and distributes Drosophila melanogaster strains for research.

果蠅腦部簡圖為使用者提供果蠅神經系統基本架構元素的網路瀏覽指導。

The Basic Atlas of the Drosophila Brain provides the user with a hypertext tour guide to the basic structural elements of the Drosophila nervous system.

分子生物學／蛋白質分析
Molecular Biology/Protein Analysis

BLAST（基礎局部隊列搜索工具）是一套相似度搜索工具，其目的在由可供利用的資料庫中搜尋出相似字串。可搜尋的資料包含了蛋白質與去氧核醣核酸。

BLAST® (Basic Local Alignment Search Tool) is a set of similarity search programs designed to explore all of the available sequence databases regardless of whether the query is protein or DNA.

BAYLOR藥學院（BCM）搜索器是一個進行中的項目，根據功能性來整理網路上與分子生物學有關的搜索與分析服務，並提供單點－入口來存取這些資源。

The Baylor College of Medicine (BCM) Search Launcher is an ongoing project to organize molecular biology-related search and analysis services available on the web by function, by providing a single point-of-entry for related searches.

Pfam是一個包含許多重序列校準和隱馬可夫模型的巨大集合，涵蓋了很多常見的蛋白質家族。

Pfam is a large collection of multiple sequence alignments and hidden Markov models covering many common protein families.

Prodom是一個廣泛的集合，包含了由SWISS-PROT和TrEMBL序列數據庫所自動生成的蛋白質區塊家族。

Prodom is a comprehensive set of protein domain families automatically generated from the SWISS-PROT and TrEMBL sequence databases.

瑞士生物諮詢機構的ExPASy（專家型蛋白分析系統）含有基因組的蛋白伺服器致力於分析蛋白質序列與架構。

The ExPASy (Expert Protein Analysis System) proteomics server of the Swiss Institute of Bioinformatics is dedicated to the analysis of protein sequences and structures.

Whitehead研究中心是人類基因組計畫的旗艦，用於鑒識人類基因藍圖的國際性計畫。

The Whitehead Institute serves as the flagship of the Human Genome Project, the international effort to identify the blueprint for a human being.

一般實驗程序
Protocol

生物協定生物實驗程序網站連結許多高品質的摘要內容，主要提供生命科學研究者或者在生物技術以及生物醫學等領域工作的人員使用。

Bioprotocol is a compendium of high quality web links of interest and use to life science researchers and others working in the areas of biotechnology and the biomedical sciences.

國立研究資源中心支援各類主要研究，以創造發展出重要資源、模型與技術。

The National Center for Research Resources supports primary research to create and develop critical resources, models, and technologies.

網上神經科學是可搜索可瀏覽的神經科學資源索引，涵蓋神經生物學、神經學、神經外科、精神病學、心理學、認知科學網站和人類神經疾病訊息。

Neurosciences on the Net is a searchable and browsable index of online neuroscience resources addressing neurobiology, neurology, neurosurgery, psychiatry, psychology, cognitive science sites and information on human neurological diseases.

小兒神經科學是為所有喜歡學習神經系統的學生和老師製作的。

Neuroscience for Kids has been created for all students and teachers who would like to learn about the nervous system.

解剖學
Anatomy

發育中老鼠的組織切片註解是老鼠發育過程的一個數碼圖集，也是一個如原位基因表現與細胞譜系的空間架構數據資料庫。

Annotated histology sections of developing mouse is a digital atlas of mouse development and a database resource for spatially mapped data such as in situ gene expression and cell lineage.

鼠腦三維圖集（以核磁共振MRI為基礎）網站允許訪問者查詢13.5 dpc老鼠胚胎的大腦架構，檢視此架構的立體重建與整個胚胎的重建過程。

The 3D Mouse atlas (MRI based) site allows visitors to query cerebral structures of a 13.5 dpc mouse embryo and view 3-D reconstructions of those structures as well as reconstructions of the entire embryo.

線上參考資料
Online References

人腦為美國愛荷華大學所建立的網路虛擬醫院網站，提供人類中樞神經系統從嬰兒期到成年發育過程中各式各樣的圖片

The Human Brain is an online virtual hospital site hosted by the University of Iowa that provides a stunning array of images of the human central nervous system from infants to adults.

全腦圖集為哈佛醫學院設立來提供各類疾病狀態下自核磁共振（MRI）到功能性核磁共振（fMRI）圖片的網站

The Whole Brain atlas, hosted by the Harvard Medical School, displays pictures from MRI to fMRI in various disease states.