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世上有些事可以像選舉一樣將我們人類聚在一起,我們參與選舉、投票選賢,我們也觀察選舉,我們的民主仰賴選舉,我們都瞭解為何要有選舉,我們也都在選舉當天出發前往投票,我們珍惜這個間接發言的機會,因這有助於決定國家的未來,基本的概念是政治家將因此受命代民參議,代表我們決定影響全民的事務,缺乏此授權,他們會腐化,不幸的是,權力令人腐化,得勢者會幹出很多鳥事,以利獲權並握權,包括玷污選舉,雖然選舉的概念絕佳,但舉行全國性選舉可是一項大工程,而大工程總有諸多麻煩事,只要有選舉舉行,總會有些不對勁的地方,有人試圖作弊或有些事突然變得不符預期,某個票箱消失或有些選票未計入總數,為了盡可能確保不出錯,我們為選舉規範了諸多的程序,舉例而言,選民來到圈選站,站點人員會要求先出示身份證才會給出圈選單,之後還必需進入投票小間完成圈選,走出小間之後,還必需將選票投入票箱,之中所有的選票混合在一起,如此一來,便沒有人知道你投給誰,我們請各位想一下,從這個時間點之後呢?
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以下為系統擷取之英文原文
So there are a few things that bring us humans together in the way that an election does. We stand in elections, we vote in elections, we observe elections. Our democracies rely on elections. We all understand why we have elections, and we all leave the house on the same day to go and vote. We cherish the opportunity to have our say, to help decide the future of the country. The fundamental idea is that politicians are given mandate to speak for us, to make decisions on our behalf that affect us all. Without that mandate, they would be corrupt.
Well unfortunately, power corrupts, and so people will do lots of things to get power and to stay in power, including doing bad things to elections. You see, even if the idea of the election is perfect, running a countrywide election is a big project, and big projects are messy. Whenever there is an election, it seems like something always goes wrong, someone tries to cheat, or something goes accidentally awry -- a ballot box goes missing here, chads are left hanging over here.
To make sure as few things as possible go wrong, we have all these procedures around the election. So for example, you come to the polling station, and a poll station worker asks for your ID before giving you a ballot form and asking you to go into a voting booth to fill out your vote. When you come back out, you get to drop your vote into the ballot box where it mixes with all the other votes, so that no one knows how you voted.
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在選民將選票投入票箱之後,大部份的人便回家去了,並放心相信他們的選票將會算入總數,因為他們相信這套選舉系統運作良好,他們相信選務工作人員和監選人員會善盡職責並憑良心做事,票箱被送到計票中心,解封,投票整個倒出來,並以人工計票,我們大多數人必需相信,我們的選票在這一切過程中會被得體地處理,我們全都相信這一切都會得體地處置選舉中每一張選票,我們必需要相信這麼多人,這麼多程序,有時還要信任那麼多的電腦,試想,數以百萬計的選民投下了數以百萬計的選票,全都要正確地計算,而一切也可以出錯,隨後便是這類頭條醜聞,人們因此感到疲憊,因為要不斷地改進選舉程序,事實上,這類頭條醜聞都已讓研究人員回頭思考,如何能以不同的方式進行選舉,他們從較大的格局來研究,而較大的格局是選舉應可驗實,選民應可檢視其選票是否經正確計算,同時不打破選舉的匿名性,後者十分的重要,這是難處所在,如何才能讓一套選舉系統完全可經驗實,同時保有選票的完全匿名性?
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Well, what I want us to think about for a moment is what happens after that, after you drop your vote into the ballot box. And most people would go home and feel sure that their vote has been counted, because they trust that the election system works. They trust that election workers and election observers do their jobs and do their jobs correctly. The ballot boxes go to counting places. They're unsealed and the votes are poured out and laboriously counted. Most of us have to trust that that happens correctly for our own vote, and we all have to trust that that happens correctly for all the votes in the election. So we have to trust a lot of people. We have to trust a lot of procedures. And sometimes we even have to trust computers. So imagine hundreds of millions of voters casting hundreds of millions of votes, all to be counted correctly and all the things that can possibly go wrong causing all these bad headlines. And you cannot help but feel exhausted at the idea of trying to make elections better.
Well in the face of all these bad headlines, researchers have taken a step back and thought about how we can do elections differently. They've zoomed out and looked at the big picture. And the big picture is this: elections should be verifiable. Voters should be able to check that their votes are counted correctly, without breaking election secrecy, which is so very important. And that's the tough part. How do we make an election system completely verifiable, while keeping the votes absolutely secret?
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我們的作法是使用電腦,但不完全依賴,秘密在於圈選單,如果各位細看這些圈選單,便可發現候選人名單在每張圈選單上的順序都不相同,這意謂著,如果您圈選了其中一人,之後撕下這個候選人名條,我將無法從剩餘的選單中分辨出您投票給誰,另外,每張圈選單都有個數值密碼,如同螢幕上所示的 2D 條碼,位於表單右上方,複雜的加密方式運用於表單上,但不複雜的是,利用這些表單進行投票,我們可以讓電腦進行所有的複雜加密,然後,使用這表單進行驗實,這就是新的投票方式,選民隨機地拿到圈選單,進入投票小間,圈選,沿虛痕撕開選單,接著碎掉候選人名單,留下之擁有圈選記號的選單,即是經加密的選票,讓選站人員掃描加密選票,因為已經加密,所以,可以集中提呈、整理並計票,還可以公告到網站上,每個人都可以看得到,包括各位,所以,這張加密過的選票,可以帶回家當作憑據,選舉結束後,選民可以檢視自己的選票是否已經計入,只要將手邊的憑據對比於網站上的選票,僅記,選票已經加密,就從選民離開圈選小間開始,所以,事實上,若選舉官員想要找出選民選擇,他們也回天乏術,若政府想要找出選民選擇,他們同樣回天乏術,沒有人可以駭入加密系統找出選民選擇,沒有駭客可以闖入加密系統,改變投票結果,因為,那將會與選民的憑據對不起來,選票不能就此失蹤,因為選民會因此而找不到自己的選擇,但,選舉夢幻之處不止於此,相對地,我們要讓整個過程更加透明,讓新聞傳媒和國際觀察機構或任何人,只要想要,都可以下載所有的選舉數據並逕行計票,他們可以檢視所有的選票是否都經正確計算,他們可以檢視公佈的選舉結果確實是正確的,讓這成為人民的選舉,由人民選出,為人民服務,民主的下一步是透明與可驗實的選舉,感謝聆聽。
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Well, the way we've come up with uses computers, but doesn't depend on them. And the secret is the ballot form. And if you look closely at these ballot forms, you'll notice that the candidate list is in a different order on each one. And that means, if you mark your choices on one of them and then remove the candidate list, I won't be able to tell from the bit remaining what your vote is for. And on each ballot form there is this encrypted value in the form of this 2D barcode on the right. And there's some complicated cryptography going on in there, but what's not complicated is voting with one of these forms. So we can let computers do all the complicated cryptography for us, and then we'll use the paper for verification.
So this is how you vote. You get one of these ballot forms at random, and then you go into the voting booth, and you mark your choices, and you tear along a perforation. And you shred the candidate list. And the bit that remains, the one with your marks, this is your encrypted vote. So you let a poll station worker scan your encrypted vote. And because it's encrypted, it can be submitted, stored and counted centrally and displayed on a website for anyone to see, including you. So you take this encrypted vote home as your receipt. And after the close of the election, you can check that your vote was counted by comparing your receipt to the vote on the website. And remember, the vote is encrypted from the moment you leave the voting booth, so if, in fact, and election official wants to find out how you voted, they will not be able to. If the government wants to find out how you voted, they won't be able to. No hacker can break in and find out how you voted. No hacker can break in and change your vote, because then it won't match your receipt. Votes can't go missing, because then you won't find yours when you look for it.
But the election magic doesn't stop there. Instead, we want to make the whole process so transparent that news media and international observers and anyone who wants to can download all the election data and do the count themselves. They can check that all the votes were counted correctly. They can check that the announced result of the election is the correct one. And these are elections by the people, for the people, so the next step for our democracies are transparent and verifiable elections.
Thank you.