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警方射殺麥可.布朗後對密蘇里州佛格森抗議者鎮壓的驚人事件,顯示專為戰場設計的先進軍事武器及裝備正逐漸流入全美地方警察部門,雖然很難察覺,但同樣情形正發生在監控設備上。國安局級別的大規模監控系統使地方警察部門得以獲取大量關於我們每一個人的敏感資訊,這是前所未有的情況。
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The shocking police crackdown on protestors in Ferguson, Missouri, in the wake of the police shooting of Michael Brown, underscored the extent to which advanced military weapons and equipment, designed for the battlefield, are making their way to small-town police departments across the United States. Although much tougher to observe, this same thing is happening with surveillance equipment. NSA-style mass surveillance is enabling local police departments to gather vast quantities of sensitive information about each and every one of us in a way that was never previously possible.
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位置訊息敏感度相當高。如果你在美國境內開車,它可顯示你是否去看治療師、參加匿名戒酒會,或是否去了教堂。當這些關於你的訊息與所有其他人的相關訊息整合在一起,政府就能得到公民之間私人互動情形的詳細情況。這些訊息曾經屬於隱私,拜當代科技之賜,政府知道太多隱藏在門後的事。地方警察部門根據這些訊息判斷你是什麼樣的人。
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Location information can be very sensitive. If you drive your car around the United States, it can reveal if you go to a therapist, attend an Alcoholics Anonymous meeting, if you go to church or if you don't go to church. And when that information about you is combined with the same information about everyone else, the government can gain a detailed portrait of how private citizens interact. This information used to be private. Thanks to modern technology, the government knows far too much about what happens behind closed doors. And local police departments make decisions about who they think you are based on this information.
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驅動大量位置追蹤的關鍵技術之一是看似無傷大雅的自動化車牌辨識系統,如果你不曾見過,或許是因為你不知該如何尋找。它們無所不在,裝設於道路或警車上。自動化車牌辨識系統拍下每一輛路過車輛的影像,將車牌轉換成機器可辨識的文字,以便與監控名單上可能從事違法行為的車輛對照。但不僅如此,更進一步地,地方警察部門保留了不僅是潛在違法者的記錄,而是每一輛路過汽車車牌記錄,導致關於美國人行蹤的資訊大量被收集。你知道這件事嗎?當Mike Katz-Lacabe(美國知名隱私權捍衛人)要求當地警局提供關於自己的車牌辨識系統資料時,這是警方手中的資料:除了日期、時間、地點,警察部門還拍攝了他前往何處、和誰在一起的照片。上面數來第二張是Mike和兩個女兒在自家車道下車的照片。
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One of the key technologies driving mass location tracking is the innocuous-sounding Automatic License Plate Reader. If you haven't seen one, it's probably because you didn't know what to look for -- they're everywhere. Mounted on roads or on police cars, Automatic License Plate Readers capture images of every passing car and convert the license plate into machine-readable text so that they can be checked against hot lists of cars potentially wanted for wrongdoing. But more than that, increasingly, local police departments are keeping records not just of people wanted for wrongdoing, but of every plate that passes them by, resulting in the collection of mass quantities of data about where Americans have gone. Did you know this was happening? When Mike Katz-Lacabe asked his local police department for information about the plate reader data they had on him, this is what they got: in addition to the date, time and location, the police department had photographs that captured where he was going and often who he was with. The second photo from the top is a picture of Mike and his two daughters getting out of their car in their own driveway.
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政府部門擁有數百張像這樣的照片,記錄了Mike的日常生活。如果你在美國境內開車,我敢打賭他們也擁有關於你日常生活的類似照片。Mike並沒有做任何壞事,為何政府可以保留這所有的資訊?原因是,隨著資訊儲存成本大幅下降,警察部門就這麼讓它擺著,以防某天這些資訊派上用場。問題不在於一個警察部門單獨收集這些資訊,或僅有幾個警察部門這麼做,聯邦政府同時正在收集所有關於個人的詳細資訊,將它們與成千上萬其他資訊一起匯入一個大數據庫,顯示美國人的行蹤。這是來自聯邦緝毒局的資料,它是對這些資料有興趣的主要機構之一。這是其中一份顯示數據庫存在的文件。同時,在紐約市,紐約警局開著裝有自動化車牌辨識系統的警車經過清真寺,以便得知誰參加活動。
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The government has hundreds of photos like this about Mike going about his daily life. And if you drive a car in the United States, I would bet money that they have photographs like this of you going about your daily life. Mike hasn't done anything wrong. Why is it okay that the government is keeping all of this information? The reason it's happening is because, as the cost of storing this data has plummeted, the police departments simply hang on to it, just in case it could be useful someday. The issue is not just that one police department is gathering this information in isolation or even that multiple police departments are doing it. At the same time, the federal government is collecting all of these individual pots of data, and pooling them together into one vast database with hundreds of millions of hits, showing where Americans have traveled. This document from the Federal Drug Enforcement Administration, which is one of the agencies primarily interested in this, is one of several that reveal the existence of this database. Meanwhile, in New York City, the NYPD has driven police cars equipped with license plate readers past mosques in order to figure out who is attending.
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這項技術的使用與濫用不僅限於美國。在英國,警察部門將80歲的John Kat加入車牌辨識系統監控名單,在他參加數十個合法政治示威活動後,只因為他喜歡坐在長椅上素描參與者。自動化車牌辨識系統並非目前執法機構唯一擁有的大規模位置追蹤技術,藉由所謂的基地台轉儲技術,執法人員可偵測到某個時刻誰正在使用一個或多個基地台。這項技術可追蹤成千上萬、甚至數十萬人的位置。此外,使用一種名為StingRay的設備,執法人員可將追蹤訊號發射至人們家中,以確認手機位置。如果他們不知道目標是哪棟房子,他們會載著這項設備繞行整個街區。
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The uses and abuses of this technology aren't limited to the United States. In the U.K., the police department put 80-year-old John Kat on a plate reader watch list after he had attended dozens of lawful political demonstrations where he liked to sit on a bench and sketch the attendees. License plate readers aren't the only mass location tracking technology available to law enforcement agents today. Through a technique known as a cell tower dump, law enforcement agents can uncover who was using one or more cell towers at a particular time, a technique which has been known to reveal the location of tens of thousands and even hundreds of thousands of people. Also, using a device known as a StingRay, law enforcement agents can send tracking signals inside people's houses to identify the cell phones located there. And if they don't know which house to target, they've been known to drive this technology around through whole neighborhoods.
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正如弗格森警方擁有高科技軍用武器和裝備,全美警察部門也擁有高科技監控設備,你看不見它並不意味著它不存問題是,我們對此應該做何反應?我認為這對公民自由造成嚴重威脅。歷史證明,一旦警方擁有大量資料,追蹤無辜人民的行動就會被濫用。也許用於勒索,也許用於獲取政治利益,或只是單純偷窺。幸運的是,我們可採取一些措施,地方警察部門可接受市議會管轄,市議會可通過要求警察丟棄無辜民眾資料的法律,同時允許在合法範圍內使用這項科技。謝謝。(掌聲)
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Just as the police in Ferguson possess high-tech military weapons and equipment, so too do police departments across the United Statespossess high-tech surveillance gear. Just because you don't see it, doesn't mean it's not there. The question is, what should we do about this? I think this poses a serious civil liberties threat. History has shown that once the police have massive quantities of data, tracking the movements of innocent people, it gets abused, maybe for blackmail, maybe for political advantage,or maybe for simple voyeurism. Fortunately, there are steps we can take. Local police departments can be governed by the city councils, which can pass laws requiring the police to dispose of the data about innocent people while allowing the legitimate uses of the technology to go forward. Thank you.(Applause).