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歡迎到訪泰國,40 年前,當我還是小伙子時,泰國極端貧窮,很多人過著清寒的生活,我們一群人決定要做些改變,但我們並未從福利專案或脫貧專案著手,而是從家庭計劃專案開始,緊接著是成功的婦幼保健活動,眾多的活動,基本上,沒有人會接受家庭計劃,如果他們的小孩無法存活,所以,第一步就是:救兒救母,然後再談家庭計劃,不只是嬰兒存活率,還需要家庭計劃,我們現在就開始回溯過往,訴說為何我們需要這麼做。
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以下為系統擷取之英文原文
Welcome to Thailand. Now, when I was a young man, 40 years ago, the country was very, very poor with lots and lots and lots of people living in poverty. We decided to do something about it, but we didn't begin with a welfare program or a poverty reduction program. But we began with a family-planning program, following a very successful maternal child health activity, sets of activities. So, basically, no one would accept family planning if their children didn't survive. So the first step: get to the children, get to the mothers, and then follow up with family planning. Not just child mortality alone, you need also family planning. Now let me take you back as to why we needed to do it.
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1974 年的泰國,每個家庭有七個小孩,出生率是驚人的 3.3%,這樣沒有未來,我們必需要降低人口成長率,於是我們說:「咱們動工吧」!婦人們說:「我們同意使用避孕丸,但我們需要一位醫生開立藥方」,我們當時的醫生人數屈指可數,但我們並未就此回絕,而是將這視為一個問題,我們去請教護士與產婆,她們也是婦女,而且徹底懂得如何解釋避孕丸的使用方法,效果很好,但影響的範圍僅是全國的 20%,其他的 80% 怎麼辦?難道就只能不管他們,然後說:「沒法子,他們並非醫護人員」,不,我們決定幫忙到底,我們如圖片所示,走進普羅大眾當中,事實上,在那黃色字標的下面,我希望他們未塗掉,因為那是「可口可樂」的商標,我們當時比可口可樂大多了,無異的是,他們的銷售人員和我們選的一樣,她們在社群中廣為人知,她們知道顧客永遠是對的,她們表現出色,而且,本身就有在做家庭計劃,所以,她們可以提供避孕丸與保險套範圍遍及全國的每個村落,重點就是我們接觸被視為問題所在的族群,並將之轉化為解決方案,只要有人的地方,像圖中的船婦正在販賣物品,這是個流動市集,販賣的物品有香蕉與螃蟹,還有避孕劑,在泰國,只要有人的地方,就能買到避孕劑,然後,我們決定挑戰宗教,因為在菲律賓,天主教的勢力很龐大,在泰國則是佛教,我們接觸他們,請示說:「可以幫幫我們嗎」?我是圖中穿藍色的那位,不是穿黃色的,我手握淨水砵,和尚將淨水撒在避孕丸與保險套上,象徵家庭的神聖地位,這張圖片稍後流傳全國,鼓勵了一些在鄉村的和尚跟進,婦人們並說:「難怪我們不會有副作用,因為這東西已受加持」,那是她們的感受,再來,我們接觸教師,我們需要每個人的加入,以試圖提供任何能讓人性變得更好的作法,所以,我們接觸教師,超過 25 萬的教師接受了家庭計劃的教育,英文字母有了新的意義,像 B 是生育、C 是保險套、I 是 子宮環、V 是輸精管切除術,然後是擲骰子的蛇梯遊戲,如果來到贊成家庭計劃格子,就前進,舉例而言,母親每晚服用避孕丸,很好,母親,前進;叔叔購買保險套,很好,叔叔,前進;叔叔喝醉了,沒有使用保險套,回來,從頭開始(笑聲)。
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n my country, that was the case in 1974. Seven children per family. Tremendous growth at 3.3 percent. There was just no future. We needed to reduce the population growth rate. So we said, "Let's do it." The women said, "We agree. We'll use pills, but we need a doctor to prescribe the pills," and we had very, very few doctors. We didn't take no as an answer; we took no as a question. We went to the nurses and the midwives, who were also women, and did a fantastic job at explaining how to use the pill. That was wonderful, but it covered only 20 percent of the country.
What do we do for the other 80 percent -- leave them alone and say, "Well, they're not medical personnel"? No, we decided to do a bit more. So we went to the ordinary people that you saw. Actually, below that yellow sign -- I wish they hadn't wiped that, because there was "Coca-Cola" there. We were so much bigger than Coca-Cola in those days. And no difference, the people they chose, were the people we chose. They were well-known in the community, they knew that customers were always right, and they were terrific, and they practiced the family planning themselves. So they could supply pills and condoms throughout the country, in every village of the country. There we are. We went to the people who were seen as the cause of the problem to be the solution. Wherever there were people -- and you can see boats with the women -- selling things -- here's the floating market selling bananas and crabs and also contraceptives -- wherever you find people, you'll find contraceptives in Thailand.
And then we decided, why not get to religion, because in the Philippines, the Catholic Church was pretty strong, and Thai people were Buddhist. We went to them, and they said, "Look, could you help us?" I'm there, the one in blue, not the yellow, holding a bowl of holy water for the monk to sprinkle holy water on pills and condoms for the sanctity of the family. And this picture was sent throughout the country. So some of the monks in the villages were doing the same thing themselves. And the women were saying, "No wonder we have no side-effects. It's been blessed." That was their perception.
And then we went to teachers. You need everybody to be involved in trying to provide whatever it is that make humanity a better place. So we went to the teachers. Over a quarter of a million were taught about family planning with a new alphabet -- A, B for birth, C for condom, I for IUD, V for vasectomy. And then we had the snakes and ladders game, where you throw dice. If you land on anything pro-family planning, you move ahead. Like, "Mother takes the pill every night. Very good, mother. Move ahead. Uncle buys a condom. Very good, uncle. Move ahead. Uncle gets drunk, doesn't use condom. Come back, start again."
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同理,教育與團體娛樂,學童們也比照辦理,我們有吹保險套接力賽,還設了兒童吹保險套大獎,不久前,保險套還是女孩們最好的朋友,對泰國的窮苦人家而言,鑽石不常見,所以,保險套成為女孩們最好的朋友,我們在 1975 年推出第一個微貸專案,主掌的婦人說:「我們只願意貸款給力行家庭計劃的婦人,如果你懷孕了,去照顧妳的大肚子,如果未懷孕,可以來貸款」,這由那些婦人經營,35/36 年之後仍在運作,並已成為「鄉村發展銀行」的一部份,它本身並非銀行,而是微貸基金,我們不需要大機構來經營這基金,而是由村民自己來運作,各位可能也都未見半個泰國男人,總是女人、女人、女人、女人,我們也自以為幫了美國大忙,因為美國總是在援助他國,不管他國需不需要幫忙(笑聲),這是七月四日美國國慶日,我們決定給所有男人提供輸精管切除服務,但特別將優先權讓給美國男人,而這就體現在美國大使的宅邸前,就在他的〔不清楚〕,而酒店還因此提供一間會議廳供我們使用,非常合宜的一間(笑聲),而當時臨近午膳時間,他們更說:「好吧,我們會供應午餐,當然,只提供美式可樂兩大牌子中的一個,可口或百事,另外,食物不是漢堡就是熱狗」,但我認為熱狗會更具代表性(笑聲),然後是這位年輕人,名叫 Willy Bohm,他服務於美國國際開發署,顯然,他已接受了輸精管切除服務,因為他的熱狗已吃掉了一半,他顯得很開心,這在美國造成轟動,也激怒了一些人,我回應說:「沒事,都到泰國來,我會處理一切」(笑聲)。
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Again, education, class entertainment. And the kids were doing it in school too. We had relay races with condoms. We had children's condom-blowing championship. And before long, the condom was know as the girl's best friend. In Thailand, for poor people, diamonds don't make it. So the condom is the girl's best friend.
We introduced our first microcredit program in 1975, and the women who organized it said, "We only want to lend to women who practice family planning. If you're pregnant, take care of your pregnancy. If you're not pregnant, you can take a loan out from us." And that was run by them. And after 35/36 years, it's still going on. It's part of the Village Development Bank. It's not a real bank, but it's a fund -- microcredit. And we didn't need a big organization to run it. It was run by the villagers themselves. And you probably hardly see a Thai man there. It's always women, women, women, women. And then we thought we'd help America, because America's been helping everyone, whether they want help or not. (Laughter) And this is on the Fourth of July. We decided to provide vasectomy to all men, but in particular, American men to the front of the queue, right up to the Ambassador's residence during his [unclear]. And the hotel gave us the ballroom for it. Very appropriate room. (Laughter) And since it was near lunch time, they said, "All right, we'll give you some lunch. Of course, it must be American cola. You get two brands, Coke and Pepsi. And then the food is either hamburger or hotdog." And I thought a hotdog will be more symbolic. (Laughter) And here is this, then, young man called Willy Bohm who worked for the USAID. Obviously, he's had his vasectomy because his hotdog is half eaten, and he was very happy. It made a lot of news in America, and it angered some people also. I said, "Don't worry. Come over and I'll do the whole lot of you."
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結果為何?在這些活動之後,出生率從七個小孩降到 1.5 個,人口成長率從 3.3 降到 0.5,這也可以稱作可口可樂作法,如果你喜歡的話,我不確定是可口可樂模仿我們,還是我們模仿他們,反正,我們是好朋友,如此一來,全民總動員,我們的政府並不強勢,我們也沒有很多醫生,但全民都有責任改變態度與行為模式;接著愛滋襲擊泰國,我們必需停止幹很多「美好的事」,以對抗愛滋,但不幸地,我們的政府不斷地否定事實,但我們不能因此受挫,我於是想到:「好吧,如果政府靠不住,就來試試國防部吧」,我到訪國防部要求借用 300 台無線電,他們的後援比政府強,也比政府擁有更多槍械,所以,我問他們是否可以幫助我們對抗 HIV,他們在聽取了我的統計資料之後,回說:「可,Okay,你可以使用所有的電台與電視台」,那是我們在空中向全國放送的開始,不久之後,我們選出一位新總理,他說:「Mechai,可否請您入閣」?他這麼問是因為他甚愛我老婆,但我還是說:「Okay」,他成為「泰國愛滋委員會」主席,並將預算提高了五十倍,每位閣員,甚至是法官,都必需加入愛滋教育,每個人,我是指大眾、機構、宗教機構、學校等,全民總動員,這張圖顯示,每位媒體從業人員都必需接受 HIV 教育訓練,我們授與每家電台額外的半分鐘廣告權,替他們生財,他們樂於接受這項交易,接著,愛滋教育列車開進所有校園,從大學開始,這是高中生教導同儕學童,而最優的老師其實是女生,而非男生,她們棒呆了,這些宣傳安全性行為與 HIV 的女生被稱作泰瑞莎修女,宣導列車繼續向前進,圖中是三、四年級的小學生們,村落中的每戶人家,全泰國的每戶人家,能接收到愛滋資訊與保險套,每戶人家,是因為這些幼童的幫忙,沒有父母反對,因為,我們是在試圖拯救生命,而保險套是救命仙丹,我們主張:「全民參與」,企業也開始瞭解到,病員工不具生產力,顧客死了便無人購物,所以,他們也都接受了訓練,我們還訓練了保險套班長,他擁有哈佛 MBA 學歷,他走入校園與夜店,大家都愛他,我們需要這個象徵性角色,每個國家,每套專案都需要一個象徵物,而這可能是他做過最酷的 MBA 實作(笑聲)。
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And what happened? In all this thing, from seven children to 1.5 children. Population growth rate of 3.3 to 0.5. You could call it the Coca-Cola approach if you like. It was exactly the same thing. I'm not sure whether Coca-Cola followed us, or we followed Coca-Cola, but we're good friends. And so that's the case of everyone joining in. We didn't have a strong government. We didn't have lots of doctors. But it's everybody's job who can change attitude and behavior.
Then AIDS came along and hit Thailand, and we had to stop doing a lot of good things to fight AIDS. But unfortunately, the government was in denial, denial, denial. So our work wasn't affected. So I thought, "Well, if you can't go to the government, go to the military." So I went to the military and asked to borrow 300 radio stations. They have more than the government, and they've got more guns than the government. So I asked them, could they help us in our fight against HIV. And after I gave them statistics. They said, "Yes. Okay. You can use all the radio stations, television stations." And that's when we went onto the airwaves. And then we got a new prime minister soon after that. And he said, "Mechai, could you come and join?" He asked me in because he liked my wife a lot. So I said, "Okay." He became the chairman of the National AIDS Committee and increased the budget fifty-fold.
Every ministry, even judges, had to be involved in AIDS education. Everyone. And we said the public, institutions, religious institutions, schools -- everyone was involved. And here, every media person had to be trained for HIV. And we gave every station half a minute extra for advertising to earn more money. So they were happy with that. And then AIDS education in all schools, starting from university. And these are high school kids teaching high school kids. And the best teachers were the girls, not the boys. And they were terrific. And these girls who go around teaching about safe sex and HIV were known as Mother Theresa. And then we went down one more step. These are primary school kids -- third, fourth grade -- going to every household in the village, every household in the whole of Thailand, giving AIDS information and a condom to every household, given by these young kids. And no parents objected, because we were trying to save lives, and this was a lifesaver. And we said, "Everyone needs to be involved."
So you have the companies also realizing that sick staff don't work, and dead customers don't buy. So they all trained. And then we have this Captain Condom, with his Harvard MBA, going to schools and night spots. And they loved him. You need a symbol of something. In every country, every program, you need a symbol, and this is probably the best thing he's ever done with his MBA. (Laughter)
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我們在大街小巷發放保險套,我們無所不在,搭計程車(的士、出租車)時會拿到保險套,在車陣當中,交警會發給你保險套,那是我們的「條子加套子」專案(笑聲),試想紐約警察可能當街發保險套嗎?當然,而且他們還會樂於幫忙,我現在就能假想他們到站在四方,試想一下他們手拿保險套發送給所有的路人,接著,新變種出現,我們發行髮圈、服飾,還有手機「套」,專為雨季設計(笑聲),這些便是我們推出的保險套實品,其中一個的標語是,「大規模『保護性』武器」,我們的發明,這裡有人在搜尋大規模毀滅性武器,但我們發明了大規模「保護性」武器 ─ 保險套是也!另一個帶有美國國旗,其標語為「出門別忘了這玩意兒」,我還有一些演講後的贈品,我可要警告在先,這些可都是泰國尺寸,小心使用(笑聲),誠如各位所見,保險套可幹的事很多,再看這樣,我將這件獻給高爾與柯林頓老闆,「停止全球暖化:帶上保險套」,這件的樣版是我剛提過的,大規模「保護性」武器,讓下屆奧運拯救更多生命,不止是跑來跑去(笑聲),最後一件,泰國是佛教國家,我們沒有上帝,所以,我們說:「我們信仰『套子』」(笑聲),各位都看得到,我們盡其可能地要讓人們的生活更美好,我們在所有酒店的冰箱與學校放置了保險套,因為酒精有損判斷力,結果呢?這次是全球總動員,根據聯合國統計,新 HIV 案例下滑了九成,又根據世銀,770 萬的生命已獲救,不然,今日就不會有這麼多泰國人存在,這只是要證明我們可以改變現狀,90% 的資金來自泰國各地,政治要加入,還要有資金挹注及所有人的參與,不要僅靠專家、醫生及護士,我們每個人都要一起來幫忙。
接著,我們決定要助民脫貧,現在愛滋已多少受到控制,新提案不只需要政府加入,還要納入商業社群,因為窮人也是商人,他們只是缺少商業技巧和信用,但這可以由商業社群來補足,我們試圖將他們轉為白手起家的創業家,小商人,脫貧的唯一途徑是透過創業,這一點我們辦到了,資金從企業流向鄉村,透過種樹,這並非天上掉下來的禮物,他們種樹,錢則進到他們的微貸基金,我們稱之為「鄉村發展銀行」,所有村民都加入,所以,他們自己就是銀行家,因為他們投入資金,在借錢之前,貸款者必需接受訓練,我們深信,如果要幫助窮人,幫助那些生活在貧窮中的人,取得信用必需是項人權,取得信用必需是人權項目,否則,他們永遠無法脫貧,所以,貸款前必需接受訓練,這就是我們所謂的白手起家 MBA,教導人民如何做生意,所以,當他們借錢後,未來可以創業成功,範例包括香菇、螃蟹、蔬菜、樹木和水果,然後,有兩項很有趣,Nike 冰淇淋和 Nike 餅乾,這是 Nike 贊助的鄉村,民眾反應說:「他們該停止製鞋、衣,改賣這兩項,因為我們可負擔得起」,另外,我們還有絲,泰絲,現在我們生產蘇格蘭格呢樣版,如圖左所示,並賣給所有蘇格蘭的後代子孫,電視機前的觀眾若想買,觀迎與我聯繫。
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And then we gave condoms out everywhere on the streets -- everywhere, everywhere. In taxis, you get condoms. And also, in traffic, the policemen give you condoms -- our "cops and rubbers" programs. (Laughter) So, can you imagine New York policemen giving out condoms? Of course I can. And they'd enjoy it immensely. I see them standing around right now, everywhere. Imagine if they had condoms, giving out to all sorts of people. And then, new change, we had hairbands, clothing, and the condom for your mobile phone during the rainy season.
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And these were the condoms that we introduced. One says, "Weapon of mass protection." We found. You know, somebody here was searching for the weapon of mass destruction, but we have found the weapon of mass protection -- the condom. And then it says here, with the American flag, "Don't leave home without it." But I have some to give out afterward. But let me warn you, these are Thai-sized, so be very careful. (Laughter) And so you can see that condoms can do so many things. Look at this. I gave this to Al Gore and to Bill Senior also. Stop global warming; use condoms. And then this is the picture I mentioned to you -- the weapon of mass protection. And let the next Olympics save some lives. Why just run around? (Laughter) And then finally, in Thailand we're Buddhist, we don't have a God, so instead, we say, "In rubber we trust." (Laughter) So you can see that we added everything to our endeavor to make life better for the people. We had condoms in all the refrigerators in the hotels and the schools, because alcohol impairs judgment.
And then what happened? After all this time, everybody joined in. According to the U.N., new cases of HIV declined by 90 percent. And according to the World Bank, 7.7 million lives were saved. Otherwise there wouldn't be many Thais walking around today. So it just showed you you could do something about it. 90 percent of the funding came from Thailand. There was political commitment, some financial commitment, and everybody joined in the fight. So just don't leave it to the specialists and doctors and nurses. We all need to help.
And then we decided to help people out of poverty, now that we got AIDS somewhat out of the way, this time, not with government alone, but in cooperation with the business community. Because poor people are business people who lack business skills and access to credit. Those are the things to be provided by the business community. We're trying to turn them into barefoot entrepreneurs, little business people. The only way out of poverty is through business enterprise. So, that was done. The money goes from the company into the village via tree-planting. It's not a free gift. They plant the trees, and the money goes into their microcredit fund, which we call the Village Development Bank. Everybody joins in, and they feel they own the bank, because they have brought the money in.
And before, you can borrow the money, you need to be trained. And we believe, if you want to help the poor, those who are living in poverty, access to credit must be a human right. Access to credit must be a human right. Otherwise they'll never get out of poverty. And then before getting a loan, you must be trained. Here's what we call a barefoot MBA teaching people how to do business so that, when they borrow money, they'll succeed with the business. These are some of the businesses: mushrooms, crabs, vegetables, trees, fruits, and this is very interesting -- Nike ice cream and Nike biscuits. This is a village sponsored by Nike. They said, "They should stop making shoes and clothes. Make these better, because we can afford them." And then we have silk, Thai silk. Now we're making Scottish tartans, as you can see on the left, to sell to all people of Scottish ancestors. So anyone sitting in and watching TV, get in touch with me.
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接著是泰國對星巴克的回應,「咖啡加『套』」,若您用星巴克提神,我們也辦得到,還能救命,這就是不同之處,試想,在每間星巴克顧客都可以取得保險套,點卡布其諾時,順便點枚保險套,最後,教育,我們要改變沒有善用的校園,將其改變成眾人的終生學習場所,我們稱之為「從學校出發的整合鄉村發展」,學校是中心點、匯聚點,用以發展社經,轉換校園形象,讓它符合社群的需求,圖中是間竹子建築,整間用竹子建成,這是用竹子建成的測地圓頂屋,我相信 Buckminster Fuller 會對一間測地圓頂屋感到十分與有榮焉,我們食用學校周圍所種的蔬菜,他們自給自足,我堅信如果我們要讓 MDGs 成功執行,即千禧發展目標,我們需要加入家庭計劃,當然,先顧嬰兒存活率,再行家庭計劃,每個人都需要家庭計劃服務,這一直未被善用,現在,我們已發現大規模「保護」武器
我們也要呼籲下屆奧運,加入拯救生命的行列,最後,這是我們的網路,泰國鬱金香(笑聲),感謝聆聽(掌聲)。
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And then this is our answer to Starbucks in Thailand -- "Coffee and Condoms." See, Starbucks you awake, we keep you awake and alive. That's the difference. Can you imagine, at every Starbucks that you can also get condoms? You can order your condoms with your with your cappuccino.
And then now, finally, in education, we want to change the school as being underutilized into a place where it's a lifelong learning center for everyone. We call this our School-Based Integrated Rural Development. And it's a center, a focal point, for economic and social development. Re-do the school, make it serve the community needs. And here is a bamboo building. All of them are bamboo. This is a geodesic dome made of bamboo. And I'm sure Buckminster Fuller would be very, very proud to see a bamboo geodesic dome. And we use vegetables around the school ground, so they raise their own vegetables.
And then, finally, I firmly believe, if we want the MDGs to work -- the Millennium Development Goals -- we need to add family planning to it. Of course, child mortality first and then family planning. Everyone needs family planning service. It's underutilized. So we have now found the weapon of mass protection. And we also ask the next Olympics to be involved in saving lives. And then, finally, that is our network. And these are our Thai tulips.
(Laughter)
Thank you very much indeed.
(Applause)