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我剛從一個社群回來,牠們掌握著人類生存的秘密。在那個地方,女性主導一切,用做愛來打招呼,一天的生活主要就是玩樂。在那裡,享樂是正經事。不,這不是指慾火焚身的男人,也不是舊金山。(笑聲)女士先生們,見見你們的近親,這就是在剛果叢林裡的野生倭黑猩猩世界。倭黑猩猩和黑猩猩是現存於世界上與我們最相近的物種,這意味著我們都擁有一個共同祖先,一位演化上的祖母,她生活在大約6百萬年前。現在,黑猩猩因他們的好勇鬥狠而聞名於世。
但不幸的是,我們過度強調了人類演化歷史中的這一面。但倭黑猩猩讓我們看到的是另一面,當黑猩猩被又大又嚇人的雄黑猩猩統領時,倭黑猩猩社群是由雌倭黑猩猩領導,這些倭黑猩猩能相安無事地生活在一起,因而形成一個具高度包容性的社會。在這社群中尚未觀察到致命的暴力行為,但不幸的是,倭黑猩猩是我們所知最少的一種大猿,牠們生活在剛果叢林深處,所以對牠們進行研究非常困難。
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以下為系統擷取之英文原文
I just came back from a community that holds the secret to human survival. It's a place where women run the show, have sex to say hello, and play rules the day -- where fun is serious business. And no, this isn't Burning Man or San Francisco. (Laughter) Ladies and gentlemen, meet your cousins. This is the world of wild bonobos in the jungles of Congo. Bonobos are, together with chimpanzees, your living closest relative. That means we all share a common ancestor, an evolutionary grandmother, who lived around six million years ago. Now, chimpanzees are well-known for their aggression.
(Laughter)
But unfortunately, we have made too much of an emphasis of this aspect in our narratives of human evolution. But bonobos show us the other side of the coin. While chimpanzees are dominated by big, scary guys, bonobo society is run by empowered females. These guys have really worked something out, since this leads to a highly tolerant society where fatal violence has not been observed yet. But unfortunately, bonobos are the least understood of the great apes. They live in the depths of the Congolese jungle, and it has been very difficult to study them.
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剛果是個充滿矛盾的地方,它是一塊擁有非凡生物多樣性的美麗土地,但它本身也是黑暗的中心,暴力衝突的場景已上演了幾十年,奪去的生命幾乎跟第一次世界大戰一樣多。不足為奇的是,這種破壞也危及倭黑猩猩的生存。叢林肉(狩獵野生動物取得的肉)交易和叢林消失,意味著我們無法給世界上所有僅存的倭黑猩猩提供一塊小小的棲息地,我們甚至無法確定是否真有那一小塊棲息地。然而,在這片充斥暴力和混亂的土地上,你能聽到隱約的笑聲飄盪在樹林中。
這些近親是什麼樣的動物?我們知道它們是「做愛,不作戰」的猿類,因此牠們有頻繁、隨性的性生活和雙性性交,來處理衝突及解決社會問題。我不是說這就是解決所有人類問題的方法,因為這對倭黑猩猩來說比《印度愛經》(Kama Sutra)所含意義更多。倭黑猩猩就跟人類一樣,一生都喜愛玩樂。玩樂不僅是孩子的遊戲,對於人類和倭黑猩猩來說,玩樂是建立親密關係和培養包容性的基礎,這就是我們學會信任和遊戲規則的方法。玩樂增進了創造力和復原力,這些都跟多樣性的產生、相互作用的多樣性、行為的多樣性及聯繫的多樣性有關。當觀察倭黑猩猩玩樂時,你會看到人類的笑聲、舞蹈和儀式最初演化的根源。玩樂是將我們聯繫在一起的黏著劑。
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The Congo is a paradox -- a land of extraordinary biodiversity and beauty, but also the heart of darkness itself -- the scene of a violent conflict that has raged for decades and claimed nearly as many lives as the First World War. Not surprisingly, this destruction also endangers bonobo survival. Bushmeat trades and forest loss means we couldn't fill a small stadium with all the bonobos that are left in the world -- and we're not even sure of that to be honest. Yet, in this land of violence and chaos, you can hear hidden laughter swaying the trees.
Who are these cousins? We know them as the "make love, not war" apes, since they have frequent, promiscuous and bisexual sex to manage conflict and solve social issues. Now, I'm not saying this is the solution to all of humanity's problems -- since there's more to bonobo life than the Kama Sutra. Bonobos, like humans, love to play throughout their entire lives. Play is not just child's games. For us and them, play is foundational for bonding relationships and fostering tolerance. It's where we learn to trust, and where we learn about the rules of the game. Play increases creativity and resilience, and it's all about the generation of diversity -- diversity of interactions, diversity of behaviors, diversity of connections. And when you watch bonobo play, you're seeing the very evolutionary roots of human laughter, dance and ritual. Play is the glue that binds us together.
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我不知道你們是怎麼玩樂的,但我想給你們看兩段剛從野外拍攝到的特別剪輯。首先,這是一個倭黑猩猩式的球類遊戲,我指的不是足球。看這裡,這是一雌一雄的年輕倭黑猩猩在玩追逐遊戲,看看她在做什麼,這或許是以下短句的演化起源:「她抓住了他的蛋蛋」。(笑聲)我想到的只是,他相當喜歡這樣的方式,對吧?是的,(笑聲)所以性遊戲在倭黑猩猩和人類兩者身上都是司空見慣的。這段影片真的很有趣,因為它證明了-這段影片真的很有趣,因為它證明了,把不尋常因素帶進遊戲裡所產生的創造性,例如睪丸-以及如何藉著遊戲尋求信任和培養信任,同時感到樂趣無窮。
但玩樂是變化無窮的(笑聲)玩樂是變化無窮的,可以轉變成許多形式,一些遊戲是較安靜的、富有想像力的、富有好奇心的,或許它的奇妙之處在於發現新鮮事。我想讓大家看看,這是Fuku,一隻年輕雌倭黑猩猩,她正靜靜地玩著水。我想,就跟她一樣,我們有時會獨自玩耍,我們探索著我們內心和外部世界之間的界線,正是玩樂的新奇感驅使我們探索、驅使我們互動,然後我們所形成的這種意想不到的聯繫,就是真正孕育創造力的溫床。
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Now, I don't know how you play, but I want to show you a couple of unique clips fresh from the wild. First, it's a ball game bonobo style -- and I do not mean football. So here, we have a young female and a male engaged in a chase game. Have a look what she's doing. It might be the evolutionary origin of the phrase, "she's got him by the balls." (Laughter) Only I think that he's rather loving it here, right. Yeah. (Laughter) So sex play is common in both bonobos and humans. And this video is really interesting because it shows -- This video's really interesting because it shows the inventiveness of bringing unusual elements into play -- such as testicles -- and also how play both requires trust and fosters trust -- while at the same time being tremendous fun.
But play's a shapeshifter. (Laughter) Play's a shapeshifter, and it can take many forms, some of which are more quiet, imaginative, curious -- maybe where wonder is discovered anew. And I want you to see, this is Fuku, a young female, and she is quietly playing with water. I think, like her, we sometimes play alone, and we explore the boundaries of our inner and our outer worlds. And it's that playful curiosity that drives us to explore, drives us to interact. And then the unexpected connections we form are the real hotbed for creativity.
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因此,這些只是初步探索倭黑猩猩帶給我們的真相,以瞭解我們的過去和現在,但牠們也掌握著一個關於我們未來的秘密,一個我們需要適應、有著層出不窮挑戰的未來世界,藉由更大的創造力和更密切的合作來達成,這秘密就是,玩樂是擁有這些能力的關鍵。換句話說,玩樂是我們適應未來的萬能牌。為了成功適應一個變化多端的世界,我們需要玩樂,但我們要盡可能地玩樂嗎?玩樂不是無足輕重的;玩樂是至關重要的,對倭黑猩猩和人類來說都一樣。生活不僅僅是血紅的牙齒和利爪,看似最不適合玩樂的時候,可能正是最迫切需要玩樂的時候。
那麼,我靈長類的同胞們,讓我們擁抱這個來自演化的天賦,一起玩樂,藉此重新發現我們的創造力、友誼以及各種驚奇。
謝謝。
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So these are just small tasters into the insights that bonobo give us to our past and present. But they also hold a secret for our future, a future where we need to adapt to an increasingly challenging world through greater creativity and greater cooperation. The secret is that play is the key to these capacities. In other words, play is our adaptive wild card. In order to adapt successfully to a changing world, we need to play. But will we make the most of our playfulness? Play is not frivolous; play's essential. For bonobos and humans alike, life is not just red in tooth and claw. In times when it seems least appropriate to play, it might be the times when it is most urgent.
And so, my fellow primates, let us embrace this gift from evolution and play together, as we rediscover creativity, fellowship and wonder.
Thank you.