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有好一段時間,我一直對安慰劑的效果很感興趣。這看起來或許很奇怪,一位魔術師竟會對這個感興趣?除非你以我職業的觀點來看。就是說,「某些假的事物,如果有人相信的話,就會變成跟真的一樣」。換句話說,糖片在某特定類型的研究中有明顯的療效,這就是安慰劑效應。只因為人們認為,在他們身上發生的效果是藥物作用,或是某種形式的…疼痛處理之類的。如果他們確實相信這對身體有顯著療效,這就是所謂的安慰劑。某些假的事物變成真的-因為人們對它的想法。
為了讓我們彼此瞭解一下,我想以一個初級的、非常簡單的魔術把戲開場;我將表演給你們看。這是一個把戲,至少從1950年代開始,就出現在每本兒童魔術書中。這是我在1970年代由幼童軍魔術書中自己學來的;我將為你們獻上這個表演,然後做解說;我還要解釋為何要說明這些。
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以下為系統擷取之英文原文
(english missing)
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開始囉!你們可以檢查一下這把刀,還有我的手。我用拳頭像這樣握著這把刀,我把袖子往後拉一下,確保沒有東西從我的袖子跑進去或掉出來。我把手腕捏住固定在這兒,這樣你們就可以看到,絕不可能傳送任何東西。只要我把手這樣捏住,沒有東西可以從我的袖子跑進去或掉出來,就是這麼簡單的一個物體。我將把手張開,希望一切沒問題。我的動物磁性會把刀子吸住;事實上它還吸得真牢,我甚至可以晃動它,刀也不會脫落。沒有東西從我的袖子跑進去或掉出來。沒作弊,你可以隨便檢查,噠啦!(掌聲)
這是我經常教那些對魔術有興趣的孩童的把戲,因為你可以學習到很多藉由閱讀學得的騙術;儘管這在方法上來說是一個非常簡單的把戲。也許在座有很多人都知道這個把戲。真實情形是這樣的-我將刀握在手中,我說我要捏住我的手腕,確保沒有東西從我的袖子跑進去或掉出來,這是騙人的。
我捏住手腕的原因是,這正是造成錯覺真正的秘密。當我將手腕從面向你們,移動到背對你們的方向,這根手指頭,我的食指,正要從它原來的地方移動到像這樣指著的位置。好極了!那裡有人沒有童年。(笑聲)。
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So, here is what happens. The knife, which you can examine; my hand, which you could examine. I'm just going to hold the knife in my fist like this. I'll get my sleeve back. And to make sure nothing goes up or down my sleeve I'm just going to squeeze my wrist right here. That way you can see that at no time can anything travel. As long as I'm squeezing there nothing can go up or down my sleeve. And the object of this is quite simple. I'm going to open my hand, and hopefully, if all is well, my pure animal magnetism will hold the knife. In fact it's held so tightly in place that I can shake it, and the knife does not come off. Nothing goes up or down my sleeve, no trickery. And you can examine everything. Ta-da! (Applause)
So, this is a trick that I often teach to young children that are interested in magic, because you can learn a great deal about deception by studying this very -- even though it's a very simple trick methodologically. Probably many of you in the room know this trick. What happens is this. I hold the knife in my hand. I say I'm going to grab hold of my wrist to make sure nothing goes up or down my sleeve, that is a lie.
The reason I'm holding onto my wrist is because that's actually the secret of the illusion. In a moment when my hand moves from facing you to being away from you, this finger right here, my index finger is just going to shift from where it is, to a position pointing out like this. Nice one. Someone who didn't have a childhood is out there. (Laughter)
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所以,這個像這樣,從這裡,沒錯,當我轉過來時,我的手指移動了。我們可以討論一下,為何這騙得了人?為何你沒注意到,只有三根手指在這裡?因為你的心思,還有關於進行過程的資訊,沒有數出一、二、三,而是整體來看的。但這不是真正原因,對嗎?我打開我的手,很明顯的它黏在那裡,不是因為動物磁性,而是個花招。我的食指在那裡,當我把手指合上,同樣的,我移回來這個動作掩飾了我手指移回來的動作。我把這隻手放開,這把刀出現了。這是你可以耍一耍你朋友和鄰居的把戲,謝謝!
現在(笑聲),這個跟安慰劑有啥關係?我在一年多前讀到一個研究,它確實讓我驚訝不已。我不是醫生或研究人員,所以這個對我來說是很驚人的。根據研究結果,假設你是施藥者;有一種外觀是白色藥片的安慰劑,像阿斯匹林的外形;這只是個白色圓形藥片,它有某種可見的療效,但如果你改變了這個安慰劑的外觀,像是做成小一點的藥片而且是藍色的,並打上個字母,這確實會使它更有明顯效果,即使這兩種藥片都不具有任何藥物療效-它們只是糖片,但是白色藥片不像藍色的那麼有效。什麼?(笑聲),這真讓我有點抓狂。
還有後續的呢!還不只這樣。如果你服用膠囊,它會比任何外形的藥片更有效。有顏色的、半黃半紅的膠囊,比白色藥片有效;劑量也有關係,一天吃兩片藥,不像一天三片那麼有效。我不太記得統計數字了,抱歉,但重點是…(笑聲)劑量是有關係的…。藥的外型也有關係。如果你不想再吃安慰劑,你就去注射,對嗎?一個注射器裡面有幾C.C.的某種注射液,你將這個注射到病人體內,這在你腦海中是強而有力的影像;這個比白色藥片強多了。
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So, it goes like this, from here, right. And as I move around my finger shifts. And we could talk about why this is deceptive, why you don't notice there are only three fingers down here, because the mind, and the way it processes information, it doesn't count, one, two, three. It groups them. But that's not really what this is about. Right? And then I open my hand up. Obviously it's clinging there, not by animal magnetism, but by chicanery, my index finger being there. And then when I close my finger, same thing, as I move back, this motion kind of covers the moving back of my finger. I take this hand away. You give the knife out. There is a trick you can do for your friends and neighbors. Thanks.
Now, (Laughter) what does that have to do with the placebo effect? I read a study, a year or so ago that really blew my mind wide open. I'm not a doctor or a researcher, so this, to me, was an astonishing thing. It turns out that if you administer a placebo in the form of a white pill, that's like aspirin shaped, it's just a round white pill, it has some certain measurable effect. But if you change the form that you give the placebo in, like you make a smaller pill, and color it blue, and stamp a letter into it, it is actually measurably more effective. Even though neither one of these things has any pharmaceutical -- they're sugar pills. But a white pill is not as good as a blue pill. What? (Laughter) That really flipped me out.
Turns out though, that that's not even where it stops. If you have capsules, they are more effective than tablets in any form. A colored capsule, that's yellow on one end and red on the other is better than a white capsule. Dosage has something to do with this. One pill twice a day is not as good at three pills -- I don't remember the statistic now. Sorry. But the point is ... (Laughter) ... these dosages have something to do with it. And the form has something to do with it. And if you want the ultimate in placebo you've go to the needle. Right? A syringe with some inert -- a couple CCs of some inert something, and you inject this into a patient ... Well this is such a powerful image in their mind, It's so much stronger than the white pill.
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這是真的!當我有幻燈片的時候,改天我要給你們看一下這個圖表。重點是,白色藥片不像藍色的那麼有效,不像膠囊那麼有效,不像注射那麼有效。而事實上這些都不具有任何真正的藥物療效,只是你的信念使它成真,在你體內產生較強的效果。我想知道是不是可以把這個概念應用到魔術技巧上,使一些明顯騙人的把戲看起來像是真的。我們由這個研究得知,當想要一些真實感受時,你會去挨針。
這是七寸長的帽針,非常非常尖銳,我只是稍微消毒一下;這是我的真肌肉,不是Damian的特殊生成肌肉。這是我的皮膚,不是好萊塢的特效。我要刺穿我的皮膚,把這根針插出穿到另一頭。
如果你覺得噁心-(笑聲),如果容易暈倒-我為一些朋友表演這個,昨晚在旅館房裡表演的,在場的還有一些我不認識的人,有個女人幾乎暈過去了。所以我建議,如果你很容易感到噁心,以下三十秒時間不妨轉過頭去。事實上,我會在背後做這最初、最噁心的部份。你可以看著-如果你想要的話,也可以轉過頭去。
情形就是這樣,由我的肌肉開始,我將在下手臂部份小小的刺一下。很抱歉,我嚇壞你了嗎?然後穿過我皮膚一點點,在另一端像這樣穿出。現在,我們在跟刀子把戲同樣的位置上(笑聲),多少有點像啦!但你現在無法數我的手指頭,不是嗎?讓我給你看看,一、二、三、四、五,是的。嗯……
我知道人們看到這個會怎麼想。會想說,「嗯,他還沒蠢到刺穿自己的皮膚,只為了娛樂我們幾分鐘」。所以,讓我給你看一眼,看起來怎樣?很棒吧!(笑聲)。沒錯,我知道(笑聲)。在後方的人說「Okay,我並沒有真正看見」,在衛星電視室的人可以開始進來,我讓你好好仔細看一下。這確實是我的皮膚,不是好萊塢特效;這確實是我的肌肉,我可以扭轉它。抱歉,如果你覺得噁心,轉過頭去吧!別看這個。
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It's a really, this graph, well I'll show it to you some other time when we have slides. The point is the white pill is not as good as the blue pill is not as good as the capsule, is not as good as the needle. And none of it has any real pharmaceutical quality. It's only your belief that makes it real in your body and makes a stronger effect. I wanted to see if I could take that idea and apply it to a magic trick. And take something that is obviously a fake trick and make it seem real. And we know from that study that when you want reality you go to the needle.
This is a seven inch hat pin. it's very very sharp. And I'm going to just sterilize it a tiny bit. This is really my flesh. This is not Damian's special grown flesh. That's my skin right there. This is not a Hollywood special effect. I'm going to pierce my skin and run this needle through to the other side.
If you're queasy -- (Laughs) if you faint easily -- I was doing this for some friends in the hotel room last night, and some people that I didn't know, and one woman almost passed out. So, I suggest if you get queasy easy that you look away for about the next 30 -- in fact, you know what, I'll do the first bad part behind it. You'll get to see, you can look away too if you'd like to.
So, here is what happens, right here, the beginning of my flesh at the lower part of my arm I just make a little pierce. I'm sorry man. Am I freaking you out? And then just through my skin a tiny bit, and then out the other side like this. Now, essentially we're in the same position we were in with the knife trick. (Laughter) Sort of. But you can't count my fingers right now can you? So, let me show them to you. That's one, two three, four, five. Yes, well...
I know what people think when they see this. They go, "Well, he's certainly not dumb enough to stab himself through the skin to entertain us for a few minutes. So, let me give you a little peek. How's that look out there? Pretty good. (Laughs) Yeah, I know. (Laughs) And the people in the back go, "Okay. I didn't really see that." People in the satellite room are starting to move in now. Let me give you good close look at this. That really is my skin. That is not a Hollywood special effect. That's my flesh, and I can twist that around. I'm sorry. If you're getting queasy, look away, don't look at the thing.
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後面的人,或是多年後看錄影帶的人,看著這個會說,「喔,是的,這看起來很巧妙,其中有某種特效,但如果這是真的,他就會-看,這裡和那裡有個洞,如果這是真的,他就會流血」。那我就弄點血給你們看看。(笑聲)是的,在這兒(掌聲)(笑聲)。
一般來說,現在我會把針抽出,我會把手臂擦乾淨,然後給你們看上面並沒有傷口。但我想,在這情境之下,還有使一些假的事物成真這個概念之下,我將要把它留在手臂上,走下講臺(笑聲)。接下來幾天,我們會多次見面,我希望你們有所期待。感謝聆聽。
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People in the back or people on video years from now watching this will go, "Well yeah, that looks kind of neat in some sort of effect there, but if it were real he would be -- see there's a hole there and a hole there, if it were real he would be bleeding. Well let me work up some blood for you. (Laughter) Yes, there it is. (Applause) (Laughter)
Normally now, I would take the needle out. I would clean off my arm, and I would show you that there are no wounds, But I think in this context and with the idea of taking something fake and making it into something real, I'm just going to leave it there, and walk off the stage. (Laughter) I will be seeing you several times over the next few days. I hope you're looking forward to that. Thank you very much.