寫作研習討論課意指班上同學針對某位同學創作中的文章進行「分享對談」，這個詞是另一位寫作老師所想出來的，我很喜歡「分享對談」，於是就借用了。「分享對談」也點出我們寫作研習討論課的重點，同學們要主動積極參與討論，同時強調每個同學都須以開放但存疑的心態專心仔細地閱讀每一篇作品，然後與大家分享讀後感覺、心得和想法，點出作品的優點，揣測文章內容將如何發展或以怎樣的方式繼續鋪陳，作者如何延伸發揮以創作出更成功的作品─這些都是透過全班同學與作者的對談來達成。
The writing workshop, as another writing teacher has called it, is "a communal conversation" among the members of a writing class about a piece of writing-in-progress done by one of the writers in the group. I like the phrase "communal conversation," so I've borrowed it for our use. To describe the workshop in that way highlights that all of us participate actively in that conversation, stresses that each one of us is responsible for reading the text in question with an open mind, reading it carefully and with our full attention, and then for contributing our perceptions, insights, and visions of the piece, what we see as its strengths, where we think it is going or could go, and how we think the writer might engage further with it in order to make it more successful--all in a process of focused dialogue, or conversation, with the writer and other readers in the group.

寫作研習討論課的第一件事就是閱讀，這跟課堂指定閱讀十份相似，但卻又大大的不同：指定閱讀所讀的文章都已出版，讀這些已完成的作品，可以讓你了解作者所要表達的意思，以及表達的方式。讀其他成員的作品則是為了透過你的閱讀，協助作者修改作品，使其精益求精。
The first step in preparing for the workshop is reading. In that way it has much in common with your reading for the course, but with a significant difference: those published works are finished, so your reading is an exercise in discerning the operations of the text for your own purposes of learning from what it has to say and how the writer has managed to say it. When you read the writing of another member of our class community, though, your reading is aimed at assisting the writer to intervene in the text's production, to help the writer shape and hone and refine it.

寫作研習討論課的準備工作是先將要討論的作品讀過一遍，然後再一次詳細閱讀，試著找出文章的重心，也就是描述某件事發生的段落，這件事即是本文焦點所在，而且會朝某一特定方向繼續發展。然後想想有那些問題是你想到但沒文中提到的--也就是你還需要或想要知道些什麼。最後，你對作者所要表達的意念了解多少以及給作者建議讓他能將文章修改得更好。
In preparing for the workshop, you should read the text that is to be discussed, and then read through it very carefully again. Try to locate the places in the text that seem to you to be in some way its centers of gravity, places where something happens which focuses the text and moves it in some particular direction. Then think about questions you have which the text does not answer--what do you still need or want to know? Finally, given what you understand of the writer's intentions for the piece, what suggestions would you give the writer for improving this piece?

我並不是說準備了對作品的建議並在課堂上提出，你的任務就完了，這樣還不能算是有備而來，相反的，分享對談應是互動的，對談可激盪出新的想法，改變我們對作品的看法，並開拓對談前無人預知的可能性，同學們熱烈參與寫作研習討論課並從中獲益良多，這才是關鍵。
I don't mean that you prepare what you have to say about the piece, and then say it in the workshop, and you're done. It's nowhere near as cut-and-dried as that, and we don't want it to be. Instead, the communal conversation is dynamic: the talk stimulates new ideas, altered ways of seeing or thinking about the piece, and opens up possibilities that perhaps none of us foresaw before we began the conversation. That's what makes the workshop lively and valuable for everyone involved.

作者會在我們討論其作品的問題時，開始提問並等候回應，作者在寫作研習討論課中最重要的工作就是傾聽。偶而作者可能太過緊張，只顧著談論自己的作品，而錯失傾聽他人意見的寶貴機會，我會試著不讓這樣的錯誤發生。
When we begin our discussion of the text in question, the writer will open the workshop by asking questions of us and waiting for our responses. The writer's most important role in the workshop is to listen. Sometimes, out of nervousness perhaps, writers spend too much time talking about their own work, and the important opportunity to hear how others read it is lost. I'll help with trying to avoid that pitfall.

寫作研習討論課的基本形式是由作者發問以下問題：
The basic workshop format will be the writer asking these questions:

1. 我的文章的優點為何？
   What strengths do you see in what I've written?
2. 文章的重點或中心思想為何？
   What seems to you to be my idea or point here?
3. 讀完後，仍有疑問的地方？
   What questions remain for you after reading?
4. 我可以就哪些方面著手把文章修改得更好？
   What suggestions do you have for me in thinking about ways to make this better?

如果時間足夠，我們也可以請作者說說他對大家的意見有何想法，以及之後要如何繼續完成其作品。
It is also appropriate, when time permits, for readers to ask at the end of the workshop for the writer's assessment of how useful our comments have been and what the writer's plans are for continuing to work on the piece.

並非每一次的研習討論課都得依我提出的基本模式來進行，可以依作品的不同而調整，舉例來說，在討論中我可能會請大家朝一特定方向去思考所討論的作品，或問一些特定的問題，幫助大家反思自己的作品。相同的，作者可能也會問我們一些與作品領域及題材有關的問題。
The format I've outlined here is not fixed by any means, but will change as our focus of attention changes for particular pieces of writing. For instance, I might ask you during the workshop to think in a particular way about the text we are discussing, or to address particular questions about the text which I think could help every writer in the class in thinking about her or his own work. Likewise, the writer whose work is being discussed might have specific questions about the piece and so might ask for our response to particular areas or issues regarding the work.

討論的形式會隨著我們討論的重點及需求之不同而改變，有時全班一起討論一份作品，有時則分組討論，我會輪流到各小組提供協助及指導，有時我會要求以書面代替口頭的方式討論彼此的作品（之後會有詳細的說明），但有一些要求是不容更改的，如：
The process of the workshop, then--the specific ways we focus our attention on the texts at hand--will alter to meet our changing needs. Sometimes the whole class will focus on the work of one writer at a time; at other times you will work together in small groups and I will circulate to offer assistance and guidance. Sometimes, too, you will be asked to offer written rather than oral responses to each other's work. More about that later. There are some things that must not change about the workshop, though:

- 在放心自在、支持鼓勵的氣氛之下討論作者的作品。
The atmosphere must be a safe and supportive one for writers whose work-in-progress is up for discussion.
- 給作者鼓勵，同時也要以嚴謹的態度去評論其作品（請記住評論不單指負面的批評，而是以具評判的洞察力閱讀，包括指出寫的好的部分，以及作者表達自己想法的方式。）
The workshop must be encouraging at the same time that we strive to develop a serious critique of the work under scrutiny (and remember that a critique does not imply just negative criticism, but is the result of reading with critical insight--including recognizing what works well, how the writer has succeeded in realizing his or her intentions).
- 「分享對談」應對討論的作品提出不同的建言及發展空間，也就是激勵作者繼續延伸文章內容，並提供具體意見以利作者修改作品。
The "communal conversation" of the workshop should produce new insights and possibilities for the work under discussion; should, that is, provide the writer an incentive for further engagement with the text and some concrete ideas for how to begin revising.
- 不得任由某位同學佔用所有討論的時間，每位組員都有等同的時間及機會發表意見。
No one should usurp all the linguistic space in the workshop; everyone should have equal time and opportunity to express her or his responses.

作品討論進行到最後時，作者應該更注意到讀者對作品的反應，重拾對其作品的興趣和熱情及並進一步發揮，也應對如何達成自己的目標有清楚的想法，並渴望完成此作品。
At the conclusion of a workshop on something you have written, you as a writer should be more conscious of how a reading audience responds to your work, should feel renewed interest and energy for returning to the piece and engaging further with it, and should have some specific ideas about how to begin the process of achieving your purposes and aspirations for what you are writing.

另一方面，讀者也能從研習討論課中獲益良多：學習他人如何下筆，練習、學會使用批判性的字眼來評論自己的、同學的、及任何人的文章，以此磨鍊出文評者須具備的水準。
The workshop has something to offer you when you serve as a reader too: an opportunity to learn how other writers approach a task, to acquire and practice using a critical vocabulary applicable not only to your own and your classmates' writing but to any text you read, and to hone your skills as a textual critic.

我由衷希望寫作研習討論課將會是有目標、認真嚴謹、生動活潑、成果豐碩，我會試著以這樣的方式引導研習討論課，讓每位同學都能獲益匪淺，希望大家一起努力達成這個目標。
My hopes for our class workshops are that they will be focused, serious, energetic, and productive, and I will try to lead them in such a way as to ensure that they are a rich source of learning for everyone. I count on each of you to help me in that effort.

第二次口頭報告時間及要點
Guidelines and Schedule for Second Oral Presentations
(英文PDF)、 (繁體PDF)、 (簡體PDF)、 (英文DOC)、 (繁體DOC)、 (簡體DOC)

期末口頭報告時間為5分鐘，向班上報告你研究的主題，想想你最希望聽眾知道有關這個主題的是什麼，並將你調查後所學到的心得作成摘要，向大家報告。
Your final oral presentation will be a five-minute one reporting to the class on the subject of your researched essay. Think about what you most want the audience to know about your subject, then prepare the presentation as a summary of what you learned about your subject by investigating it.

每位同學報告完後，會留幾分鐘讓大家提問、討論並說說報告者的表現如何。每一位的報告時間不得超過5分鐘，準備期末報告時，你必須事先練習三次並確實計時：一次自己大聲朗讀，一次站在鏡子前練習，一次講給朋友聽。
We'll leave a few minutes after each presentation for questions, discussion, and oral feedback on your performance. But you should be sure to limit your formal presentation to five minutes. As with your last presentation, you must practice three times and time yourself carefully--once aloud alone, once aloud in front of a mirror, and once with an audience of friends.

你可以使用Power Point及其他電腦視覺輔助器材，幫助聽眾更瞭解你所談的內容，讓自己的論點更有力。
You are welcome to use Power Point or other computer-based visual aids in your presentation. Doing so usually enhances the audience's appreciation of what you have to say and can make your arguments more forceful.

再一次提醒報告時絕不要照稿唸，要寫下大綱讓報告有組織，避免脫稿。眼睛要不時看著聽眾，避免口齒不清、音量太小、太常看稿及啊、嗯、然後…等贅詞。
Once again, you must not read your presentation. Use an outline to keep yourself organized and on task. You need to make frequent eye contact with your audience and avoid mumbling, speaking too softly, looking down at your papers too much, or filling your presentation with things like "um," "uh," "and," "like," "you know," etc.

內容要有趣，語氣要有說服力，儀態大方，給人印象深刻，聲音要洪亮，讓聽眾聽得清楚。口頭報告是一項很重要的技能，這是個讓你練習並提昇口頭報告能力的好機會。
Be interesting; be convincing; be personable; be effective; project your voice so that everyone in the audience can hear you without difficulty. Making oral presentations is an important skill; here is another chance for you to practice and develop it.

報告順序：
Schedule for Presentations:

第一組─第21堂課
Presentation 1- Class 21
第二組─第22堂課
Presentation 2- Class 22
第三組─第23堂課
Presentation 3- Class 23

準備個人作品集
Preparing Your Portfolio for Submission
(英文PDF)、 (繁體PDF)、 (簡體PDF)、 (英文DOC)、 (繁體DOC)、 (簡體DOC)

學期結束前，同學必須重新檢視、思考、修改所有文章，並將個人作品集交給我，以便列入打學期成績。以下幾點注意事項，可以幫助你確認個人作品集是否已依規定完成，以方便我批改。
Our semester together is drawing to a close, and it is time for you to begin the process of review, reflection, and re-vision necessary to prepare your portfolio of your work of the semester to submit to me so that I can assign you a grade for the course. The following guidelines are to help you to make sure your portfolio is complete and arranged in a way that will facilitate my review of your work.

下列是個人作品集該有的內容及排列順序：
Here is what your portfolio must contain, and in this order:

* 第一堂課時，以作者和讀者的角度所寫下的自述（已批改）。
* Your profile of yourself as a writer and reader, assigned on the first day of class, with my responses.
* 四份作品（或四篇作文）的初稿（已批改），二稿（已批改）及其它修正稿（如果有的話）。
* Your four essays, in the order that you wrote them: for each, first submitted version (with my responses), revision (with my responses), and subsequent revision(s), if any.
* 讀者心得筆記：對所有指定閱讀的感想（已批改），按閱讀順序排列，以閱讀書目做為標題，並編上頁數。再加上三篇自選的作文，以及對指定閱讀及所參與課程的感想。對照我發的兩份學期指定閱讀的時間表，確定你的心得筆記如實完成。
* Your Reader's Notebook: Responses to all assigned reading (with my responses), arranged in chronological order as assigned, with full bibliographic entry as heading for each and with pages numbered, plus responses to your three self-selected essays and your response to the reading or lecture you attended. You can make sure your Notebook is complete by checking the schedules (you were given two of them) for assigned reading for the semester.

注意：我非常歡迎及鼓勵同學不斷地修改文章，如果修改得好，或許能提高學期分數，修改後的作品絕不會拉低你的分數，對你不會有任何損失。撇開分數不談，你將從反覆修改的過程裡學到更多，這才是真正的理由。請將所有修正稿放在第一修正稿與其批註稿之後，如果不想再修改，一定要再次檢查所有完稿並修改編輯上的錯誤（照著我寫在頁邊的批改和勾號√。)
Note : Substantive re-visions of your work are welcome and encouraged and, if genuinely successful, could raise your grade somewhat. Revisions will not in any case lower your grade, so you risk nothing in choosing to re-write, and grades aside, you stand to learn more from the revision process--always the real reason to do it. If you decide to do additional revisions, they should be inserted after the earlier revised and responded-to version. Even if you decide not to do any substantive revisions, you must go through the last version of each essay and correct any editing problems (the responses and the check marks in the margins will be the guide).

* 本學期最後一篇作文是，經過了一學期的努力、學習、練習，請大家以作者和讀者的角度再次審視自己，寫下自述，就像第一堂課的寫作活動一樣。在自我檢視之前，重新讀一遍教學時程表，說明讀者心得筆記的講義，學期一開始所發的研習討論課上課要點，以及這學期所有的文章（如上面所述）。對課程目標、過程以及所有作品仍記憶猶新時，反問自己下列問題，並將答案寫在作者自述裡：「你認為現在的你是那一種作者？就讀與寫兩方面這學期你學到了什麼？對於個人作品集，你有什麼引以為傲之處？未來有何進步空間？當然你的說法必須要由個人作品集印證？你也可以談談自己已學到但未臻純熟的寫作技巧和知識。你自認還需要努力的方向為何？最後，你認為自己未來在創作這條路上有何發展？作品中你想成就些什麼？以及你打算如何實現個人寫作目標？日後寫作時你還會繼續運用這堂課學到的技巧嗎？
* For your final writing assignment of the semester, I would like you to return to the scrutiny of yourself as a writer and reader with which we began the semester and to write another profile of yourself as a writer and reader now, after this semester of work, learning, and practice. To prepare for your self-scrutiny, re-read the course syllabus, the handout on the Reader's Notebook, and the writing workshop guidelines you were given at the start of the semester as well as all the writing you've done this semester, as assembled above. With the course goals and processes and the work you've done fresh in your mind, ask yourself the following questions and address them in your writer's profile: What sort of writer would you call yourself now? What have you learned about writing and reading this semester? What are you proud of as you look through your portfolio? What remains for future efforts? Your claims, of course, should be ones your portfolio can support and give evidence of, though you certainly can claim to have learned about some aspect or feature of writing which you believe you have not yet mastered. What aspects of writing do you think you still need to work on? And last, what do you foresee for yourself as a writer in the future? What would you like to accomplish in your writing, and how do you intend to go about accomplishing your writing goals? How do you expect to continue to draw on what you've learned in this course in the writing you will do in the future?

* 最後，準備個人作品集（你的作品全集）的簡介及結語，編上頁碼（用手寫上亦可），製作目次，也可以為此作品集取個名字。請確認作品集所有內容都已標示清楚（第一篇，已修改…等），別把上課筆記、講義及其他雜七雜八的東西放進去。裝訂整齊堅固--別只是放入一般紙製文件夾裡，把名字清楚的寫在作品集封面。
* Finally, prepare a brief Introduction and Conclusion to your portfolio (your "Collected Works"!), number the pages of the portfolio sequentially throughout (numbering in ink by hand is okay), and then prepare a Table of Contents. Title your collection if you care to. Please be sure that everything in the portfolio is labeled (Essay I, Revised, etc.). And remember: no class notes, no handouts, no extraneous "stuff" is to be included in the portfolio. Place your portfolio securely in something that will hold it together--not in a manila file folder, in other words! Also be sure your name is clearly legible on the outside cover of the portfolio.

評鑑個人作品集時，我會先看是否完整（所有文章都必須達到C或以上），並看一下出席率、課前準備工作（包括研習討論課的部份）、投入與努力、是否主動熱心參與、是否準時繳交個人作品集、筆記及其它作業。當然，作文的品質為評分的基本要素。
In assessing your work and assigning grades, I will first check for completeness of your portfolio (all requirements must be met satisfactorily for a grade of C or better) and review your record of attendance in class and at conferences, your preparedness for class (including workshops), your engagement and effort, active and interested participation, and timely submission of the portfolio and of all assignments, notebook, and other assigned work. The primary determinant of your grade, of course, will be the quality of your written work.

個人作品集繳交截止日期為最後一堂課。
The completed portfolio is due at final class meeting.

我隨時樂意解答同學的任何疑問，準備個人作品集時所須的思考、檢視、修改步驟，希望大家能享受這些過程，並期待欣賞同學的作品。
As always, I'm happy to answer any questions you may have. I hope you will enjoy the process of reflection, review, and re-vision which preparing your portfolio will entail, and I look forward to reading your work.