課堂報告：報告的內容

美國國會經常要求專家出席由國會小組委員會舉行的聽證會，報告他們對重大公共政策事務的觀點。在我們的課堂裡，你也會被要求聽證，就像真實的聽證會一般，你先簡報，並由一個有主見、乃至挑剔的小組提問。

簡報時間為五分鐘，超時將被打斷。報告內容應包括：(1)一個論證，(2)支持該論證的證據或理論；接著助教和同學會提出問題，要求你直述反論。事先準備推論或史實證據，以便為你的論點抗辯。

報告的題目自由選擇：你可以擬訂一個論點反應課堂或相關閱讀資料引發的議題，或是敘述一個特別讓你關注的主題；此報告可以和書面報告主題部分重疊。

我們建議你帶一份報告的大綱，發給同學或貼在黑板上，以幫助聽眾了解你的論點；另一個建議是：在你展開之前，先把論證的重點以二三個句子概述，也同樣可以幫助聽眾更容易了解。

我們將試著在每個報告課裡中安排兩場相同主題的報告，分歧的論點最為精彩。

我們建議先做幾場練習──對著鏡子，或者朋友更好，再正式上場。你也可以利用麻省理工學院寫作與溝通中心的設施(http://web.mit.edu/writing)，並可得到該中心職員有用的忠告。

報告 1
(英文PDF)、 (繁體PDF)、 (簡體PDF)、 (英文DOC)、 (繁體DOC)、 (簡體DOC)

第一次書面報告

由下表中選一段主要的美國外交政策事件，寫一篇簡短的報告，最好地解釋美國的外交政策，也請提出一二個你認為最好的對立解釋，以及你認為它們較不令人信服的原因；最後，請依據你的分析，不拘格式地開出政策處方。用史證來支持你的論點，你也許需要引用本課程討論過的一個或更多理論來架構你的解釋，不過你也可以依據其他理論。

1. 美國在一戰（第一次世界大戰）的參與和/或行為。
2. 美國在二戰（第二次世界大戰）的參與和/或行為。
3. 美國發動冷戰的決定。
4. 美國在冷戰中採取的戰略和戰術。
5. 美國在韓戰的參與和/或行為。
6. 2001年至今，美國反恐戰爭的行為。

如果現有的相關閱讀資料中，找不到足以完整評估你的解釋所須的事實，請敘述你所需要的額外事實，並解釋何以這些額外的事實可以讓你的問題明朗化。

注意：如果需要參考課外閱讀資料，可查詢杜威圖書館庫存，即課程大綱「進階閱讀資料」中，以雙井號(##)標明者。(課外閱讀資料非強制性，不過如果報告需要，我們鼓勵你閱讀。)

書面報告應以八頁之雙行間距打字稿繳交(標準的一吋留白，標準號字體，即每吋10~12個字母)。

切記報告開頭以簡短的概述引介你的問題，並精簡答案。

報告繳交期限為第十八節課(課中)，可在課堂上交給助教，或者寄至助教的郵箱。

如果繳交完稿前，先交一份大綱或初稿，助教會提前給你回饋。早日著手撰寫，才能預留回饋的時間。

我們鼓勵在準備這份書面報告時彼此商討。
截止日前若無事先請准延期者，遲交的報告將受懲處；除緊急事故外，一概不准延期。

撰寫書面報告前，請熟讀來源引證的規定(課堂講義)，並務必遵守。

不當的來源引證視同剽竊。

報告 2
(英文PDF)、 (繁體PDF)、 (簡體PDF)、 (英文DOC)、 (繁體DOC)、 (簡體DOC)

第二次書面報告

由下表選出一段美國外交政策事件，撰寫一篇簡短的報告，評價此政策或該政策的主要元素(亦即一個或一套主要決策或觀念)。請在評價中，就：(a)評論產生此一政策的事實和理論性前設的有效性或誤謬；和/或(b)此一政策產生的結果─這些結果是政策制訂者企求產生的嗎？它們是好是壞？如果你論證某一個政策是錯誤的，指出你偏好的政策選項。你也可以依據你的分析，提出現行政策的處方，並使用歸納法邏輯和史證支持你的論證。

如果指定閱讀資料中現有的證據太薄弱，使你無法充份評價你選擇討論的政策或政策元素，請你指出並描述更徹底的評價所需的資訊；再者，你也許可以由課程大綱中「進階閱讀資料」的名單裡擇一二：其中有雙井號(##)標示者為杜威圖書館藏書。(課外閱讀資料非強制性，如為報告所需，我們鼓勵你閱讀。)

1. 美國在韓戰的參與和/或行為。
2. 艾森豪政府的國家安全政策(1953-1961)。
3. 1962年古巴飛彈危機期間的美國政策。
4. 美國對中南半島的政策，1945-1975。
5. 美國干預第三世界的其他例子。
6. 2001年至今的恐怖戰爭。
7. 另一個自選的美國外交政策。

書面報告應以雙行間、一吋留白，並以標準字體，即每吋10-12個字母的八頁打字稿繳交。務必在報告開頭以簡短的概述，引介你的問題並精簡答案。

書面報告應於第二十四節課中繳交(上課時間)，可在課堂中交給教師助理，或寄至教師助理的郵箱。

如果你在繳交完稿前，先交一份大綱或初稿，助教會提前給你回應。及早著手撰寫，才能預留回饋的時間。

我們鼓勵你在準備報告時彼此商討。

截止日前若無事先請准延期者，遲交之報告將受懲處。

撰寫書面報告前，請熟讀來源引證之規定(課堂講義)，並務必遵守之。

不當來源引證視同剽竊。

Section Presentations: What They Are

The U.S. Congress often asks experts to present their views on important public policy matters to hearing conducted in Congressional committees. In our sections you will also be asked to testify. As in a real hearing, you will give a short presentation and then you will be questioned by an opinionated and perhaps skeptical panel.

Your presentation will last five (5) minutes. If you run over you may be cut off. Your presentation should include (1) an argument, and (2) supporting evidence or reasoning. Your TA and your fellow students will then pose questions and ask you to address counter-arguments. Be prepared to defend your argument with deductive or historical evidence.

You choose the topic of your presentation. You can make an argument that reacts to an issue raised in class or in the course readings, or you can address a subject of special concern to you. Your presentation can overlap with your paper topic.

We suggest that you bring an outline of your presentation and either hand it out or put it up on the blackboard, to help your audience follow your argument. We also suggest that you summarize your argument in a couple of sentences before marching through it. Again, this makes you easier to follow.

We will try to organize presentations so that there are two presenters for each section meeting in which presentations are made, and the two presentations are on the same topic. Things are most exciting if they disagree.

We recommend that you practice your speech a couple of times--to the mirror or, better still, to a friend--before giving it. You can also practice using the facilities of MIT's Writing and Communications Center (http://web.mit.edu/writing), and can get helpful advice from their staff.

Paper 1 (PDF)

First Paper Assignment

Select a major episode in American foreign policy from the following list, and write a short paper that identifies what you believe is the single best explanation for American policies. Please also identify what you believe are the one or two best competing explanations and explain why you find them less compelling. Finally, feel free to identify policy prescriptions that follow from your analysis, if any do. Use historical evidence to support your argument. You may want to draw on one or more theories discussed in this course to construct your explanation but can also rely on other theories.

1. American entry into and/or conduct of World War I.
2. American entry into and/or conduct of World War II.
3. America's decision to wage the Cold War.
4. The strategies and tactics adopted by the United States in the Cold War.
5. American entry into and/or conduct of the Korean War.
6. American conduct of the War on Terror, 2001-present.

If the facts you need to fully assess your explanations are not found in the available course readings, describe what additional facts you would need to provide a more thorough assessment, and explain why these additional facts would shed light on the questions you address.

Note: extra readings, should you wish to consult any, are on reserve at Dewey library. These are denoted in the "further readings" section of your syllabus with a ##. (Extra reading is not mandatory, but we encourage it if your paper seems to call for it.)

Your paper should be 8 typed double-spaced pages (with normal 1" margins and normal-size typeface, i.e., 10-12 characters per inch).

Remember to start your paper with a short summary introduction that states your question(s) and distills your answer(s).

Your paper is due in Class #18 (class time). You can hand it to your TA in class or deliver it to your TA's mailbox.

Your TA will give you early feedback on your paper if you submit an outline or rough draft before you submit your final draft. Get moving soon to leave time for this.

You are encouraged to consult with each other as you prepare this paper.
Late papers will be penalized unless extensions are granted well in advance of the paper deadline. Extensions will not be granted except in emergency situations.

Before writing your papers, please familiarize yourself with the rules of citing sources (handed out in class) and make sure you follow them.

Failure to cite sources properly is plagiarism.

Paper 2 (PDF)

Second Paper Assignment

Select an episode in American foreign policy from the following list and write a short paper that evaluates the policy, or a major element of the policy (that is, a major decision or set of decisions, or a major idea or set of ideas). In offering your evaluation please comment on (a) the validity or falsehood of the factual and theoretical assumptions that produced the policy; and/or (b) the results the policy produced - were they those that policymakers sought to produce? Were they good or bad? If you argue that a policy was mistaken, identify the alternative policy that you prefer. You are also invited to identify prescriptions for current policy that follow from your analysis, if any do. Use deductive logic and historical evidence to support your argument.

If the evidence available in the assigned readings is too thin to allow you to fully evaluate the policy or policy element that you have chosen to discuss, please say so and describe the information that you would need to perform a more thorough evaluation. Alternately, you might consult one or two works listed in the "further readings" section of the syllabus: those noted with ## are on reserve at Dewey. (Extra reading is not mandatory but we encourage it if your paper seems to call for it.)

1. U.S. entry into and/or conduct of the Korean War.
2. The national security policies of the Eisenhower Administration (1953-1961).
3. U.S. policies in the 1962 Cuban Missile Crisis.
4. U.S. policies in Indochina, 1945-1975.
5. Any other U.S. intervention in the Third World.
6. The 2001-present War on Terror.
7. Another U.S. foreign policy of your own choosing.

Your paper should be 8 typed double-spaced pages with normal 1" margins and normal-size typeface, i.e., 10-12 characters per inch. Don't forget to start your paper with a short summary introduction that states your question(s) and distills your answer(s).

Your paper is due in Class #24 (class time). You can hand it to your TA in class, or deliver it to your TA's mailbox.

Your TA will give you early feedback on your paper if you submit an outline or rough draft before you submit your final draft. Get moving soon to leave time for this.

You are encouraged to consult with each other as you prepare this paper.

Late papers will be penalized unless extensions are granted well in advance of the paper deadline. Extensions will not be granted except in emergency situations.

Before writing your papers, please familiarize yourself with the rules of citing sources (handed out in class) and make sure you follow them.

Failure to cite sources properly is plagiarism.