• 短文 1
  Essay 1
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• 短文 2
  Essay 2
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• 短文 3
  Essay 3
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• 短文 4
  Essay 4
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你必須根據閱讀資料寫一篇週記並e-mail給我.除非在課表上另外指定,否則星期一晚上十點前截止. 這些週記並不是正式的短文,但對於閱讀的文章應作思考性的回應(可包括問題點,困難點,迷惑點).這些週記將有助於我在課堂上針對問題作討論;對於你們,它也可作為你們報告的第一步. 前面兩篇作文都會有修訂及批改回應. 首先這對於關心如何有效寫作的學生是絕對必要的,其次則是極有用的工具. 每位學生必須與助教討論至少三次: 第一、二篇各一次,還有一次可自行決定.

You will be submitting a weekly journal to be on the reading via email. Unless otherwise indicated on the syllabus, these will be due Monday by 10 p.m. These journals are not formal essays, but should be thoughtful responses to the reading (which may include questions, problems, puzzlement). The journals will help me to focus discussions in class; for you, they can also serve as a first step towards your essays. Both of the first two essays have provisions for revising and feedback. The first is an absolute prerequisite for anyone who cares about writing effectively, the second an extremely useful tool. Everyone should count on meeting with the course tutor at least three times: once each for essays #1 and #2, and once more at your discretion.

這四篇預定作業可能篇幅不同,但總共至少要有20頁. 請將所有的文章依最近的作品順序依次往下放入暗色的檔案夾,並只能將你的名字寫在檔案夾的封底內面.交作業時，請同時將之前的作品放入資料夾中一起呈上.

The four assigned essays may be of varying lengths, but must amount to a total of at least twenty pages. Please keep all of your essays in a dark-colored folder with the most recent work on top, and your name only on the inside back cover of the folder; when you hand in an essay for grading, it should be in the folder accompanied by a draft and any previous written work.

除非一些人發現二手資料對於分析批評理論或歷史文本有幫助,否則使用二手資料是不被允許的; 一經使用,就必須確實、正確的引用. 包括網路資源! (一個有用的指引方便大家評估線上資源的網址是在:www.virtualsalt.com/evalu8it.htm.)在某種程度上來說,寫作幾乎是不斷合併的過程,要是不尊重別人的智慧財產那就是抄襲的行為.抄襲-不經同意任意使用別人的智慧作品-是嚴重的犯罪行為.這是文學院的政策: 學生一旦抄襲, 那科目就得F,而教授將提交此案到紀律委員會. 從課堂外所得到的資源, 全部都要得到同意, 必須清楚的詳述在書面作品上呈交. 使用別人作品的觀點、評論和直接引用都要詳細正確的註釋. 引用別的資料也要清楚標記以區別自己的作品. 要進一步了解正確的使用格式, 請來找我或到寫作與溝通中心參考形式規則指引和麻省理工學院網址有關抄襲網頁: http://web.mit.edu/writing/Special/plagiarism.html.

While some find it helpful to look at criticism (if only to discover what they don't think) or at historical context, using secondary sources is not required; if used, they must be acknowledged and properly cited. This includes internet sources! (A useful guide to evaluating on-line sources can be found at www.virtualsalt.com/evalu8it.htm.) Writing is almost always a collaborative process at some level, but failure to respect the intellectual property of others counts as plagiarism. Plagiarism--use of another's intellectual work without acknowledgement--is a serious offense. It is the policy of the Literature Faculty that students who plagiarise will receive an F in the subject, and that the instructor will forward the case to the Committee on Discipline. Full acknowledgement for all information obtained from sources outside the classroom must be clearly stated in all written work submitted. All ideas, arguments, and direct phrasings taken from someone else's work must be identified and properly footnoted. Quotations from other sources must be clearly marked as distinct from the student's own work. For further guidance on the proper forms of attribution see me, or consult the style guides available in the Writing and Communication Center, and the MIT Website on Plagiarism located at http://web.mit.edu/writing/Special/plagiarism.html.

麻省理工學院學術誠實政策可以在下列連結找到http://web.mit.edu/policies/10.0.html
MIT's academic honesty policy can be found at the following link: http://web.mit.edu/policies/10.0.html.

文章在到期日那天下午三點前要交. 遲交會得到較低的分數. 然而,你可以修正任何一篇作業並準時呈交，以便得到重新評分.

Essays must be submitted by 3 p.m. on the due date. Late work will receive a lower grade; however, you can revise any essay for regrading if it has been submitted on time.

1. 第一部份(這部份可以成為你的引言), 從所讀過的書中選一本下定一個有意思的問題或假設, 如《安德的遊戲》, 《君王論》,《征服之戰》,並簡短的解釋從哪裡發現這問題或假設. 舉個例子,思考《安德的遊戲》中主角彼得可以引領你發現問題:是否一個壞人可以成為好的領導者.(你的引言可多一些訊息,說明這問題如何在Card小說中產生)
   In the first part (you can make this your introduction), identify an interesting question or hypothesis from one of the books we've read: Ender's Game, The Prince, The War of Conquest, with a brief explanation of where you find them. For example, thinking about the character Peter in Ender's Game could lead you to the question of whether a bad man can be a good leader. (Your introduction might get a little more information about how the question comes up in Card's novel).
2. 第二部份(這將是你論文的主體),用閱讀的第二本書帶入先前的問題或假設,看你能得到什麼結果. 《君王論》對於是否壞人可以成為好的領導者這問題有何答案?不要害怕去討論文本中矛盾的例證:你提出的問題是一種探索的工具,目的在於領悟,而這洞察力可能會激發唯一答案,但也不一定.必須重讀文本不要只依賴自己的記憶力;要有說服力,你需要提到文本中明確的片段,但對文本全部的基本了解也是不可少.當你的文章論證有足夠的邏輯時,以一位讀者的眼光來檢視自己的文章.思考讀者可能會有的問題,什麼需要說明,哪一部分讀者可能不贊同而且需要額外的說明.為了完成這練習作業,將自己放在大部分時間所處的地位-讀者-有智慧,熟悉文本,理性的處理作者及主題,但要注意不要因其他的工作或娛樂而匆忙行事或分心.要清楚明確,簡潔,有說服力,展現敏銳的識別力.
   In the second part (this will be the body of your essay), take this question or hypothesis to a second book from the reading, and see what results you get by posing the question or applying the hypothesis. What answers does The Prince give to our question of whether bad man can be good leaders? Don't be shy of discussing conflicting evidence in the text: your question is a heuristic tool, aimed at producing insights which may or may not boil down to a single answer. Do reread the text, rather than trusting your memory; to be persuasive, you will need to talk about specific moments in the text, but within a general sense of what the text is doing overall. Once you have written enough to have a sense of your argument, look over your text with the eye of a reader, and think about what questions a reader might have, what needs to be explained, on what points a reader might disagree and need additional convincing. To make this exercise work, put yourself in the position of the reader we all are most of the time: intelligent, familiar with the text, and reasonably well disposed to the writer and the subject, but rushed and easily distracted by other responsibilities and pleasures. Be clear, be concise, be persuasive, show a little flair.
3. 第三部份(這將是你的結論),總結你在第二本書所學到的觀點:有矛盾的觀點可以被解決嗎?如果答案是肯定的,那它是重要的還是微不足道?有其他的問題要另外提出,或取代先前的問題嗎?如果時間和空間允許,用第二本書的觀點回到第一本書:對於Card書中呈現的品行和領導能力,Machiavelli會怎麼說?
   In the third part (this will be your conclusion), sum up what you've learned about the second book: if there are contradictions, can they be resolved? If the answer is obvious, is it important or trivial? Should another question be asked in addition, or instead? If time and space permit, return now to the first book from the perspective of the second: what would Machiavelli say about Card's take on morals and leadership?

這門課全部的寫作與最後的草稿加起來總共是20頁;在這參考數之內,依自己喜好調整每篇文章的篇幅.請別拘泥和助教或我面談,只要對你有幫助,任何時間都可以,也可以超過我所要求的次數.
Your total writing for the class should add up to 20 pp. of final drafts; within these parameters, adjust the length of individual papers to your own taste. Please feel free to make appointments with the course tutor or me at any time it seems helpful to do so, over and above the meetings which are required.

重要日程
Dates

階段一: 交一篇草稿給我,並安排與助教會面的時間以討論草稿內容.草稿繳交截止: 第八堂課前一天下午五點以前.
Phase 1: Submit a draft to me, and schedule an appointment to discuss the draft with the course tutor. Draft due: a day prior to Class #8, 5 p.m.

階段二: 修定報告,參考你與助教的對談和我在電子郵件或課堂上給你的評論.修訂版到期日: 第九堂課.
Phase 2: Rewrite the paper, taking into account your conversation with the course tutor and comments you may also get from me by email or in class. Revision due: in Class #9.

伏爾泰.《憨第德》
On Voltaire's Candide

以一個較大的問題開始,討論你所讀的小說,並不用有立即明確的回答.引用明確的段落來呈現你的問題,給讀者一個例子,說明為什麼你會有這樣的問題產生.然後找出其他三個主要的段落或環節來檢視問題.在心中討論你的問題,同時看你可不可以發現其他值得注意的地方,不論它是不是與問題有關:例如,在寫主題性的問題,像是伏爾泰對女性的看法,你也可能注意到一些有關他的風格有趣的地方.在你的週記合適的地方使用、改善和發展這些觀點.在結論上,描述你在原始問題和其他未回答問題中所得到的任何領悟.你應視這篇論文為一個實驗(文學形式 “essay”,法文 “essai,”的原始意義就是 “試驗”):你的目的不在於創造一個必定,獨特的答案,而是對於你的提問結果有正確,清楚描述.
Begin with a larger question about the novel which engages you, and which doesn't have an immediately obvious answer. Pose the question in reference to a specified passage, to give the reader an example of why you have this question. Then find about three other substantive passages or moments to examine. Discuss them with your question in mind, but also see what else you can find to notice, whether it appears to bear on the question or not: for instance, in writing about a thematic question like Voltaire's views on women, you might also notice something interesting about his style. Use, refine, and develop insights from your journals where they fit. In concluding, describe any further insights you've gotten on the original question, and what remains unanswered. You should view this essay as an experiment (the original meaning of the literary form "essay," "essai" in French, was "trial"): your aim is not to produce necessarily a particular answer, but to describe exactly and clearly the results of your inquiry.

伏爾泰,布萊克,威廉斯
On Voltaire, Blake, Williams

在伏爾泰,布萊克(Blake),威廉斯(Williams)的作品中呈現什麼樣理想的地方,人物或活動?他們彼此呈現的理想世界有何不同呢?什麼樣的表達方式才是你認為重要的?選擇一些明確的例子;運用問題來引導這些例子的分析.你不需要涵蓋全部三位作家,除非文章很長(最多6頁)而且寫得精簡.
What kinds of places, persons, or activities are represented as ideal in these works by Voltaire, Blake, and Williams? How do their representations of the ideal diverge from each other? What strikes you as important about the manner of their representations? Choose a couple of specific examples to look at; use the questions to direct an analysis of these examples. You need not cover all three writers, and should not unless the paper is longer (~6 pp.) and you write concisely.

布萊克(Blake)
On Blake

從《純真之歌.經驗之歌》挑選二或三首詩;對布萊克來說,什麼算是純真,什麼算是經驗呢?確定你有看畫像和文本.純真和經驗,文本和畫像如何反映彼此?(注意:在布萊克畫像的檔案中, “compare”按鍵可以讓你看清他彩繪印版的不同方式).你可以想像一首詩在第三分解的部份看起來是怎樣?這個作品在哪裡和其他閱讀資料或之前的問題有關聯?我不是在尋找全部的答案-這只是一些思考性的問題.
Choose two or three poems from Songs of Innocence and Songs of Experience; what counts as innocence and what counts as experience for Blake? Make sure you look at the images as well as the text. How do innocence and experience, text and image, reflect on each other? (NB: the "compare" button in the archive of Blake images lets you see all the different ways he colored the plates). Can you imagine how a poem from a third, resolving group might look? Where does this work connect to other readings, earlier questions? I'm not looking for global answers - again, these are thinking questions.

在第十三堂課上交草稿給我;在這星期排時間與助教討論. 在第十六堂課上交修訂版給我.
Draft due to me, in Class #13; schedule an appointment to discuss the draft with the course tutor this week. Revision due to me, in Class #16.

1. 寫下下列所建議的其中一個主題(不是所有問題都要回答,但全部都要思考過);
   write on one of the topics suggested below (not all the questions have to be answered, but do think about them);
2. 要是你已經報告或將要報告,將你的資料來源寫進這論文.
   if you』ve given or will have given a presentation, write your material up into an essay.

要是你選擇第二個項目,你的論文必須遵守下面三項準則:
If you choose the second option, your essay should do these three general things:

• 寫下資料來源;
  give your sources;
• 提出選擇這資料的原因;
  suggest why you chose this material;
• 將它結合一些明確的閱讀片段,並作文本分析.
  relate it to some specific bits of the reading and do some amount of textual analysis.

因為每篇論文都有不同,所以有特別的事都可以來找我或助教.
See me or the class tutor for specifics, as each essay will be different.

論文主題
Essay Topics

暴力
Violence

1. 在史塔夫人(Stowe)文本中,暴力在哪裡出現和如何出現?誰使用暴力,為了什麼目的?使用暴力有產生所想要的影響力嗎?要是它沒辦法辦到,那它的影響又是什麼?人物角色談論暴力時,他們的看法如何?史塔夫人對於使用暴力,或反抗不公平的暴力提出什麼樣可能的選擇,這些選項能滿足或說服人到什麼程度?
   Where and how does violence appear in Stowe's text? Who employs it, and to what end? Does the use of violence produce the desired effects? If and when it fails to do so, what are its effects? When characters talk about violence, what are their views? What kinds of alternatives does Stowe suggest – to using force, or to resisting injustice forcibly – and to what extent are they satisfying or convincing?
2. 暴力如何出現在惠特曼(Whitman)的文本中?而他的詩和散文對於暴力的主題有什麼不同的處理?在比較早期的文本,例如, 《征服之戰》,惠特曼如何看待戰爭的主題?
   How does violence appear in Whitman's text, and do his poems and prose handle the subject differently? How does Whitman treat the subject of war as compared to earlier texts – for instance, The War of Conquest?

原則與實踐
Principles and Practice

對史塔夫人(Stowe)或她的小說,我們這樣說,原則上,奴隸制度是錯的也應該要廢除,因為每個人都享有自由,自由是一個普遍的權利.(當然,她筆下的角色不是全部都享有這信念).那麼要是他們可以的話,她的人物們如何想像將這原則付諸實行?他們會遇到什麼複雜情況?史塔夫人有想像一個奴隸制度之後的世界,或超越奴隸制度的世界嗎?它看起來是怎樣的呢?它有什麼限制?要是有限制那又是什麼呢?
Let's stipulate that for Stowe, or in her novel, it is a principle that slavery is wrong and should be abolished, because there is a universal right to freedom in which all share. (Of course, not all her characters share this belief). How do her characters imagine putting this principle into practice, if they do? What complications do they encounter? Does Stowe manage to envision a world after or beyond slavery? What does it look like? Does it have limitations, and if so, what are they?

種族
Race

惠特曼有關南北戰爭的詩集大部分都沒有論述種族或奴隸制度的主題,就算這些是引發北方與南方戰爭的議題.兩個例外是 「衣索比亞向有色人種致意」(“Ethiopia Saluting the Colours”)(源自《桴鼓集》) 和「我對令人興奮的軀體唱歌」(“I Sing the Body Electric”)(源自《草葉集》).閱讀這些詩-它們有哪些是說有關種族,奴役制度,和戰爭,有哪些不是呢?它們還說其他?你如何評斷它們是藝術作品?
Whitman's Civil War poetry largely does not address the topics of race or of slavery, even these were precisely the issues on which the North and South went to war. Two exceptions are 「Ethiopia Saluting the Colours」 (from Drum Taps) and 「I Sing the Body Electric」 (from Leaves of Grass). Read the poems – what do they say and not say about race, slavery, and war? What else do they say? How do you evaluate them as works of art?

篇幅: ~5頁, 雙行行距 (整段引用則是單行行距)
Length: ~ 5 pages, double-spaced (block quotes single-spaced).

期限: 第23堂課
Due: in Class #23.

註: 你的檔案夾內請放入: 前兩次作業的副本; 最近作業的草稿. 要是你沒有修訂第二份作業的草稿,那麼你有兩種選擇:
NOTE: Please include in your folder: copies of your two previous essays; a draft of the current essay. If you didn』t revise a draft of the second essay, you have two options:

《亡靈代言人》: 對歷史的回應
Speaking for the Dead: as a Response to History

我們將以三位在世的作家來結束這學期,Walcott, Card和Ondaatje-諾貝爾詩集,英國布克獎,Kirimaya太平洋邊際書卷獎,多重雨果和涅普拉獎科幻小說得主,和Lowell,他是美國桂冠詩人加上其他幾項榮譽.全部(至少我們所讀的)都是有關我們如何詮釋過去,特別是暴力與衝突的過去-物種,種族,派系和信仰團體之間的暴力衝突.因為對過去的關注,這些文本也可作為一個出發點來思考它們如何將過去的文學和歷史結合.
We're ending the semester with three living writers, Walcott, Card, and Ondaatje - winners of the Nobel Prize for Poetry, the Booker Prize, the Kirimaya Pacific Rim Book Prize, and multiple Hugo and Nebula Prizes for science fiction – and Lowell, who was American poet laureate in addition to other honors. All (at least in what we』re reading) are concerned with how we come to terms with the past, and in particular a past of violence and conflict – between species, races, factions, communities of belief. Given this concern with the past, these texts also may serve as a point of departure for thinking about how they connect to the past of literature and history.

雖然要比日誌更精良,但最後這篇文章可以比較不拘束.請自由的使用第一人稱-作業包含你的想法和你的認知.文章要有三個部分.你可以用轉折句或段落,或紙劃一條線來區分.
This last paper can be relatively informal, though more polished than a journal. Feel free to use the first person – the assignment concerns what you think and know. The paper should have three parts. You can connect them with transitional sentences or paragraphs, or simply draw a line.

第一部分: 其中一個文本如何提出有關過去的問題(看下面;要是你想寫有關我們讀過的詩,請來和我談).
Part one: how does one of the texts take up the question of reckoning with the past (see below; and consult me if you want to write about the poetry we』re reading).

第二部分: 哪裡可以看出你所選的文本和其他教學時程上的文本有關聯?它能處理前面的主題或問題嗎? 請引用之前的作品,分享其他你看到的.
Part two: where do you see the text you』ve chosen connecting with the rest of the syllabus? Does it take up earlier issues or problems, allude to earlier works, share views you』ve seen elsewhere?

第三部分: 當你完成這學期回頭看這堂課,對你來說,什麼是你閱讀中最記憶深刻的部分?
Part three: what for you was the most memorable piece of the reading, as you finish the semester and look back?

要是你介紹Ondaatje或Lowell和Walcott,自在的寫下你想表達的來取代第一和第二部分;如果你呈現(寫過)Card,請你從另外文本中選一本.
If you』re presenting on Ondaatje or Lowell and Walcott, feel free to write up your presentation in lieu of parts one and two; if you presented (and have written) on Card, please choose one of the other texts

1. 有關《亡靈代言人》的問題:為死者代言是什麼意思?為什麼在卡德(Card)的世界中有如此操縱力量的制度來做這件事,而它的力量甚至超過聖經?它需要說什麼?它要解決或創造什麼問題?卡德斷言《亡靈代言人》可以自成一本小說;我同意他的說法,至少它與《安德的遊戲》連結時變得更有意義,也更有趣,就好像從很不同的書中演化或作回應 它又如何回應前面提到的文本?如果我們思索這兩本書,把它們變成一個寫作計畫的兩個部分,那在第一和第二部份之間又會有什麼變化發生,而這種改變又是什麼意思?你要思考並提出更好的問題;若已經做到,那就往前繼續闡述.
   Questions on Speaker: What does it mean to speak for the dead? Why has the institution of doing so become so compelling in Card's universe, more compelling for some even than the Bible? What needs does it address? What problems does it solve or create? Some question Card's assertion that Speaker can stand on its own as a novel; I would certainly agree that at least it becomes more meaningful and interesting in relation to Ender's Game, as an evolution from or response to a very different kind of book. How does it respond to the earlier book? If we think of the two books as two parts of a single writing project, what kind of change has taken place between the first and second part, and what does that change mean? You may think of better questions to ask; if so, go ahead and address them.
2. 有關《菩薩凝視的島嶼》問題:這本書的書名就像卡德的科幻小說一般.書中,一位斯里蘭卡女人被訓練成一位法醫人類學者.在她國家內戰的傷亡人中她試著挖掘,重組,確認一個屍體的身分.她也試著為死者代言或為死者見證.在小說中,人物角色嘗試用什麼不同的方式回復「隱匿的歷史」(105)?他們揭開什麼樣的歷史?當隱藏的歷史顯現眼前,又產生什麼結果呢?為什麼他們努力追求這些?要是在故事的結尾一切都完成那又是什麼?
   Questions on Anil's Ghost: this book might almost carry the same title as Card's science-fiction novel. In it, a Sri Lankan woman trained as a forensic anthropologist tries to exhume, reassemble, and identify one body among the casualties of her country's civil war. She too is trying to speak for or bear witness to the dead. In what various ways do characters in the novel try to recover "hidden histories" (105)? What kinds of history do they uncover? What are the consequences of making visible what was hidden? Why do they seek to do so, and what if anything has been accomplished by the end of the book?

請將全部的論文和這篇放在檔案夾中一同交上
Please hand in all your completed essays along with this one in your folder.

期限: 第26堂課
Due: in Class #26.

篇幅: 這篇論文必須完成20頁本科目的正式寫作
Length: this essay should complete 20 pp. of formal writing for the subject.

一旦課程註冊確定之後,你們就可以登記分成小組(3-4人).這學期的第一部分,你們必須閱讀彼此的寫作.第二部份,你們要一起做有關閱讀的團體報告.在上課時我們會再提報告的事,在計劃階段期間每一組都要來見我或是助教
Once the class enrollment is stabilized, you'll sign up as part of a small group (3-4 people). In the first part of the semester, you should be reading each other's written work. In the second part of the semester, you'll be working together on a group presentation related to the reading. We'll talk about the presentations more in class, and each group will meet with me or the class tutor during the planning stages.

報告的遵循項目
Presentation Instructions
(英文PDF)、 (繁體PDF)、 (簡體PDF)、 (英文DOC)、 (繁體DOC)、 (簡體DOC)