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翻譯:張國偉(簡介並寄信)
編輯:侯嘉玨(簡介並寄信)

講師

John T. Germaine 博士

實驗課程

  • 表定於週三,兩小時課程,但在第一堂課之後將有所更動。
  • 小組(三至五人)進行實驗操作。
  • 不同實驗於不同教室授課。
  • 當實驗材料備妥時將以電子郵件通知。
  • 實驗前需閱讀實驗教材並做好準備工作。

目的

  • 量測使用於土木工程上多種材料之材料行為性質。
  • 提供實際的觀察以供課程1.030所教授之觀念補充。
  • 介紹實驗過程及普遍的測量儀器。
  • 接觸不同已確立的材料測試技巧。.

課程進行

  • 所有的十項作業皆須由小組完成。
  • 實驗結束後,所有數據皆須透過電子儀器量測得知。
  • 每人皆須使用所得數據作為個人報告之用。
  • 實驗報告需於課程結束後一星期內繳交(詳細日期將再行公布)。
  • 報告會依據內容明晰、數據解釋以及表現方式來評分。.

課堂要求

  • 出席講堂課(實驗之簡短描述)。
  • 十項實驗作業(占90%)
  • 課堂參與、準備與觀念闡述等(10%)

實驗室安全

  • 進實驗室操作前,個人必須簽署安全表格。.

參考資料

  • 每一個實驗作業包含特定的閱讀資料。
  • 美國測試與材料協會(ASTM)- 美國測試與材料協會年度報告(2000年發佈)。
執行實驗操作

實驗一:數據之取得與儀器

  • 三十分鐘(週一或週三):小組實驗概要描述。
  • 九十分鐘:次小組操作量測。 span>
  • 實驗結束前需取得所有數據。

實驗二:張力I - 彈性行為

  • 三十分鐘:小組學習儀器使用
  • 六十分鐘〈或更短時間〉:次小組測試
  • 三十分鐘:個人抽測
  • 數據將於結束前公布 (編者註:warp up意為「總結或結束」,用於此處意指隨機抽問單一小組人員實驗之結果)

實驗三:張力II - 一般材料破壞

  • 九十分鐘:次小組測試
  • 三十分鐘:個人抽測
  • 數據將於結束前公布

實驗四:直接剪力-摩擦行為

  • 三十分鐘:小組儀器使用討論
  • 九十分鐘:次小組測試
  • 數據於結束時公布

實驗五:混凝土I - 初期性質

  • 兩小時組別操作,依表定組別進行(穿著舊衣)。

實驗六:抗壓試驗 - 定性試驗

  • 三十分鐘:小組儀器使用討論。
  • 九十分鐘:次小組測試。
  • 三十分鐘:個人抽測。
  • 數據於結束時公布。

實驗七:混凝土II - 壓力與間接張力

  • 九十分鐘:次小組測試。
  • 三十分鐘:個人抽測。
  • 數據於結束時公布。

實驗八:土壤分類

  • 兩小時小組測試。
  • 所有數據於當週結束前公布。

實驗九:壓密測試(局部測試)

  • 九十分鐘:小組測試。
  • 所有數據於當週結束前公布。

實驗十:張力III - 熱處理

  • 進行試體熱處理前週,需有五個次小組實驗室參訪。
  • 九十分鐘:小組測試。
  • 三十分鐘:個別抽測。
  • 數據於結束時公布。

土木工程設備

一號房:機械工廠

二號房:含載重桁架:200,000磅(Baldwin製),60,000磅(Baldwin製),20,000磅(Instron製)。

三號房:混凝土製造實驗室。

四號房:土壤結構互制分析,土壩,離心機。

五號房:Perini實驗室 - 結構桿件等

六號房:壓縮,粒徑尺寸分析,烤箱。

七號房:一般開放空間,滲透分析,磅秤。

八號房:三軸試驗儀器,定速荷重、滲透分析。
九號房:手工具室,劃刻量測儀器。

十號房:土壤試體預備,養護室。

十一號房:壓密,直接剪力儀

實驗室規範

  • 閱讀安全手冊並簽署。
  • 實驗結束後或儀器使用完畢需歸還至保管室。
  • 有疑惑時請發問,任何不當的猜測極可能導致危險或高額的成本發生。
  • 沒有教師的允許下,勿改變任何儀器設定。

學習標的

首要目標:

You should learn about:

  • 可學得規劃實驗,選擇測試配置,試體樣本的選擇以及數據之蒐集。
  • 實驗記錄包括,測試步驟、資料蒐集、闡述方法及最終結果。
  • 實驗設備操作包含電子儀器、測試儀器以及資料蒐集系統。
  • 量測一般結構與大地構造材料實際性質。
  • 解釋實驗數據值,包括工程使用上之數值轉換並推導材料性質(強度與勁度)。
  • 觀察壓力、張力及剪力下不同模式之破壞。
  • 觀察材料在相似載重條件下不同型態之行為。

衡量結果(評估方法:實驗報告,課程測驗,個人表現)。

個人修課後應足以:

  • 校訂電子感測器。
  • 操作數據擷取系統。
  • 操作不同之測試儀器。
  • 設定測試儀器來量測張力或壓力行為。
  • 由實驗量測計算工程數值(如:應力或應變)
  • 由應力應變曲線分析其模數、降服點及強度。
  • 辨別破壞模式。
  • 描述土壤之摩擦行為。
  • 根據統一土壤分類法(USCS)系統進行土壤分類。 譯者註:USCS -Unified Soil Clasification System為統一土壤分類法
  • 進行混凝土調配以達特定設計要求。
  • 描述一非等象性材料方向性之強度改變
  • 評估一細粒徑土壤變形速度的時間。
  • 具體說明必要性熱處理以獲取理想的鋼鐵性質。
  • 撰寫技術性實驗報告。

實驗室規範

以下為「我們」黃金守則之實務應用:

  1. 個人打開之任何事物,務必關上。
  2. 個人開啟任何之電源,務必關上。
  3. 個人開鎖之任何事物,務必鎖上。
  4. 個人破壞任何之事物,務必修復。
  5. 上述若無法修復,立即聯絡相關人員。
  6. 個人借用之任何事物,務必歸還。
  7. 個人使用之事物,務必小心使用。
  8. 個人需清理各自造成之髒亂。
  9. 個人移動之事物,務必歸還原位。
  10. 個人欲使用他人所屬之物,務必預先取得同意。
  11. 個人不擅自操作不甚了解之儀器器材。
  12. 若上述並非由己身造成,切勿加增影響。

實驗室注意事項

  • 在操作電工具或是進行試體壓縮試驗時須配戴護目鏡
  • 有疑惑時立刻提問 ─ 一個錯誤即可能耗資千億
  • 切勿輸入比電壓變換器內訂值高的電壓
  • 切勿將電壓變換器的輸入端插入輸出端 (綠色或白色)
  • 在插入變換器先檢查輸入電壓
  • 在開啟或關閉電源供應或伏特計時需先切斷變換器
  • 絕不關閉連接在變換器上的活門
  • 在實際連接變換器時須監控輸出值
  • 切勿用清潔劑清洗塑膠玻璃之容器,需使用煤油清洗

 

Instructor

Dr. John T. Germaine

Laboratory Sessions

  • Scheduled for two hours on Wednesday but this will change after the first lecture.
  • Perform laboratory assignments in small (3 to 5 person) groups.
  • Will meet in various rooms depending on experiment.
  • We will send you email when the lab material is available.
  • Read the material before the laboratory and be prepared to do the work.

Objectives

  • Make measurements of behavior of various materials used in Civil Engineering.
  • Provide physical observations to complement concepts learned in 1.030.
  • Introduce experimental procedures and common measurement equipment.
  • Exposure to a variety of established material testing techniques.

Conduct of the Course

  • Each of the ten assignments will be done in small groups.
  • Data will be made available electronically after each lab.
  • Each person will use the data and prepare an individual report.
  • The report will be due about one week after the lab session. (We will provide specific dates.)
  • The report will be graded based on clarity, data interpretation, and presentation.

Requirements

  • Attend lectures (short description of experiments).
  • Ten laboratory assignments (90%).
  • Participation, preparation, subjective evaluation, etc. (10%).

Laboratory Safety

  • You must sign the safety form in order to work in our laboratories.

Reference Materials

  • Each lab assignment will include specific reading assignments.
  • American Society for Testing and Materials (ASTM). Annual Book of ASTM Standards (post 2000).
Administration of Each Laboratory Experiment

No. 1: Data Acquisition and Instruments

  • 30 minute group (Monday or Wednesday) session for overview
  • 90 minute subgroup session to make measurements
  • Take all the data at the end of your session

No. 2: Tension I - Elastic Behavior

  • 30 minute group session to learn about machine
  • 60 minute (maybe less) subgroup session to test
  • 30 minute individual unscheduled wrap up
  • Data posted at end of each session

No. 3: Tension II - Failure of Common Materials

  • 90 minute subgroup session to test
  • 30 minute individual unscheduled wrap up
  • Data posted at end of each session

No. 4: Direct Shear - Frictional Behavior

  • 30 minute group session to discuss equipment
  • 90 minute subgroup session to test
  • Data posted at end of each session

No. 5: Concrete I - Early Age Properties

  • 2 hour pre-scheduled group session (wear old cloths)

No. 6: Compression - Directionality

  • 30 minute group session to discuss equipment
  • 90 minute subgroup session to test
  • 30 minute individual unscheduled wrap up
  • Data posted at end of each session

No. 7: Concrete II - Compression and Indirect Tension

  • 90 minute subgroup session to test
  • 30 minute individual unscheduled wrap up
  • Data posted at end of each session

No. 8: Soil Classification

  • 2 hour group session to test
  • All data posted at end of week

No. 9: Consolidation Test (Partial Experiment)

  • 90 minute group session to test
  • All data posted at end of week

No. 10: Tension III - Heat Treatment

  • Five subgroup lab visits the week before to heat treat the specimens
  • 90 minute subgroup session to test
  • 30 minute individual unscheduled wrap up
  • Data posted at end of each session

Civil Engineering Facilities

Room 1: Machine Shop

Room 2: Loading Frames: 200,000 lb Balbwin, 60,000 lb Baldwin, 20,000 lb Instron

Room 3: Concrete Fabrication Lab

Room 4: Soil Structure Interaction, Earth Dams, Centrifuge

Room 5: Perini Lab - Structural Elements, etc.

Room 6: Compaction, Grain Size, Ovens

Room 7: General Open Space, Permeability, Scales

Room 8: Triaxial, Constant Rate of Loading, Permeability

Room 9: Hand Tools, Calibration Equipment

Room 10: Humid Room / Soil Sample Preparation

Room 11: Consolidation, Direct Shear

Laboratory Rules

  • Read Safety Precautions and sign the list.
  • Return all equipment and tools to storage areas when not in use or at end of day.
  • Ask when in doubt; an incorrect guess may be dangerous or expensive.
  • Do not alter any item without explicit permission of the instructor.

Learning Objectives

Top Learning Objectives

You should learn about:

  • Planning an experimental program, selecting the test configuration, selecting the test specimens and collecting raw data.
  • Documenting the experimental program including the test procedures, collected data, method of interpretation and final results.
  • Operating the laboratory equipment including the electronic instrumentation, the test apparatus and the data collection system.
  • Measuring physical properties of common structural and geotechnical construction materials.
  • Interpreting the laboratory data including conversion of the measurements into engineering values and derivation of material properties (strength and stiffness) from the engineering values.
  • Observing various modes of failure in compression, tension, and shear.
  • Observing various types of material behavior under similar loading conditions.

Measurable Outcomes (Assessment Methods; Laboratory Reports, 1.030 Quiz, Personal Evaluation)

You should be able to:

  • Calibrate electronic sensors
  • Operate a data acquisition system
  • Operate various types of testing machines
  • Configure a testing machine to measure tension or compression behavior
  • Compute engineering values (eg. stress or strain) from laboratory measures
  • Analyze a stress versus strain curve for modulus, yield and strength
  • Identify modes of failure
  • Describe the frictional behavior of soils
  • Classify soils according to the USCS system
  • Proportion a concrete mix to meet specific design requirements
  • Describe the directional strength variation of an anisotropic material
  • Evaluate the time rate of deformation of fine grained soils
  • Specify the necessary heat treating to obtain the desired steel properties
  • Write a technical laboratory report

Laboratory Ethics

Here are some practical applications of OUR Golden Rule:

  1. If you open, close it.
  2. If you turn it on, turn it off.
  3. If you unlock it, lock it.
  4. If you break it, repair it.
  5. If you can't fix it, call in someone who can.
  6. If you borrow it, return it.
  7. If you use it, take care of it.
  8. If you make a mess, clean it up.
  9. If you move it, put it back.
  10. If it belongs to somebody else and you want to use it, get permission.
  11. If you don't know how to operate it, leave it alone.
  12. If it doesn't concern you, don't mess with it.

Laboratory Precautions

  • Wear Eye Protection when working with power tools or testing specimens in compression.
  • Ask when in doubt - mistakes are expensive.
  • Do not apply higher input voltage to transducer than rated value.
  • Do not apply input voltage to output leads (green and white) of transducer.
  • Check input voltage before plugging in transducer.
  • Disconnect transducer before turning on or off power supplies or voltmeters.
  • Never close a valve connected directly to a transducer.
  • Monitor transducer output when making physical connections.
  • Do not wash plexiglass in detergent, use kerosene.

 
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