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燈號說明

審定:無
翻譯:招彥甫(簡介並寄信)
編輯:侯嘉玨(簡介並寄信)


課程描述

本課程深入觀察語言和思考間的各種關係。說不同語言的人會以不同的方式思考嗎?學習新的語言會改變思考方式嗎?會說多種語言的人在使用不同語言時會用不同方式思考嗎?有些想法是否無法抽離語言而思考?課堂討論會將認知、發展、文化心理學和語言學、人類學及民族學的觀念與發現結合在一起 。



課程要求

  • 上課。
  • 根據所讀論文內容進行報告。


課堂報告

先天/先驗的爭議

S. Pinker (1994),《語言本能:心智如何創造語言》,第三章。紐約William Morrow & Co.出版。

D. I. Slobin (1996),從〈思想與語言〉到〈為說而想〉等各篇文章。選自J. J. Gumperz與S. C. Levinson合編《反思語言關係》一書,70到96頁。本書為《語言的社會文化基礎之研究》叢書第十七冊。

E. Hunt與F. Agnoli (1991),〈Whorf假說:認知心理學的觀點〉。《心理學評論》,第98卷第三期,377到389頁

語言為選擇者相對於建構者

1. 彈性

L. McDonough、S. Choi與J. Mandler (2003),〈瞭解空間關係:有彈性的兒童與使用詞彙的成人〉。《認知心理學》,第46卷第三期,229到259頁。

S. J. Hespos與E. S. Spelke(未出版),《語言的觀念先驅》
Hespos, S. J. & Spelke, E. S. (unpublished). Conceptual precursors to language.

2. 閱讀方向

R. A. Yamada與Y. Tohkura (1992),〈日本人對美式英語/r/和/l/音感知實驗中變因之影響〉。《感知與心理物理學》,第52卷376到392頁。

W. Strange與S. Dittman (1984),〈日本成人英語學習中辨音訓練對/r/和/l/音感知的影響〉。《感知與心理物理學》,第36卷131到145頁。

3. 母音

P. K. Kuhl (2000),〈語言、心智與腦:經驗更改感知〉取自M. Gazzaniga所編《認知神經科學新引》。麻省理工學院出版社。

顏色與形狀

E. H. Rosch (1973),〈自然類別〉。《認知心理學》,第4卷,328到350頁。

D. Roberson、J. Davidoff與L. Shapiro(印刷中),〈化圓為方:「好」形狀的文化關係〉。將刊載於《認知與文化期刊》。(譯註:已載於本期刊第2卷第一期29到51頁。)

時間

1. 時態與時間順序

A. Guiora (1983),〈語言與概念之形成:跨語言分析〉。《行為科學研究》,第18卷第三期,228到256頁。

2. 以時間為距離及量的標準

I. Mori (1976),〈兒童速度與歷時概念的跨文化研究:比較日本與泰國的兒童〉。《日本心理學研究》,第18卷第三期,105到112頁。

D. Casasanto與L. Boroditsky(準備中),時間與語言。

3. 書寫方向

B. Tversky、S. Kugelmass與A. Winter (1991),〈圖像使用中跨文化與發展的傾向〉。《認知心理學》,第23卷第四期,515到557頁。

K. Mirikawa與M. McBeath (1992),〈聯結於閱讀方向的側向動作判斷差異〉。《視覺研究》,32卷第六期,1137到1141頁。

材料或物體的分類

M. Imai與R. Mazuko(印刷中),〈重新評估語言影響論:個人翻譯中各語不同的範疇與普遍存在知識的關係〉。

J. Lucy (1992),《詞類與認知:語言影響假說的個案研究》(72到84頁)。

E. Colunga 與L. B. Smith (2000),〈學著去學習字詞:語言與材料偏差的跨語言研究〉。波士頓大學語言習得研討會上展示的海報。

H. Yoshida與L. B. Smith(印刷中),〈改動存在論的界限:使用日語、英語的兒童如何類化動物與人工製品的名稱〉。

性別

M. Sera、C. Berge與J. del Castillo (1994),〈英語、西班牙語中的性別對其使用者語法、概念的影響力〉。《認知發展》,第9卷第三期,261到292頁。

A. Guiora (1983),〈語言與觀念形成:跨語言分析〉。《行為科學研究》,第18卷第三期,228到256頁。

H. Foundalis (2002),印歐語性別的進化。《認知科學學會第二十四屆年會會議公報》

R. Mulford (1985),〈冰島語代名詞性別的理解:語意因素與形式因素〉。《兒童語言期刊》,第12卷第二期,443到453頁。

M. Perez-Pereira (1991),〈性別之習得:西班牙兒童的啟示〉。《兒童語言期刊》,第18卷第三期,571到590頁。

空間

P. Li與L. R. Gleitman (2002),〈局勢逆轉:語言與空間推理〉。《認知》,第83卷,265到294頁。

S. C. Levinson、S. Kita、D. B. M. Hawn與B. H. Rasch (2002),〈局勢再逆轉:語言影響空間推理〉。《認知》,第84卷,155到188頁。

A. Shusterman與E. Spelke所著,載於《以空間語言訓練兒童導向能力之效果》的未出版論文。

事件

1. 事件發生之情狀或方式

S. Gennari、S. Sloman、B. Malt與W. Fitch (2002),〈語言與認知中的動作事件〉。《認知》,第83卷第一期,49到79頁。

A. Papafragou、C. Massey與L. Gleitman (2002),〈搖動、撼動跟滾動:語言與認知中的動作表現〉。《認知》,第84卷第二期,189到219頁。

2. 時態

L. Boroditsky、W. Ham與M. Ramscar (2002),〈事件之感知有何共同特性?比較英語和印尼語使用者〉。《認知科學學會第二十四屆年會會議公報》

3. 時貌

L. Boroditsk與Z. Trusova(準備中),〈各語言不同動詞時貌及其對思想的影響:在英語和俄語中標示事件完成〉。

數(第一回)

Giaquinto(印刷中),〈心智的數線〉選自P. Carruthers編《文化與心智底層》

K. S. Mix、J. Juttenlocher與S. C. Levine (1996),〈學齡前兒童是否習得數量的視聽協調?《兒童發展》,第67卷,1592到1608頁。

B. Hermalin與N. O’Conner (1990),〈因數與質數:做為一種特定的數學能力。〉《心理醫學》,第20卷,163到169頁。

數(第二回)

1. 以功能性磁振檢查研究精確相對於概略數量的表現

S. Dehaene、E. Spelke、P. Pinel、R. Stanescu與S. Tsivkin (1999),〈數學思考的來源:行為與腦部造影的證據〉。《科學》,第284卷,970到974頁。

R. Stanescu-Cosson、P. Pinel、P.-F. van de Moortele、D. Le Bihan、L. Cohen與S. Dehaene (2000),〈瞭解計算困難症:以腦部造影研究數量運作區大小對大腦網路運作確算、概算的影響〉。《腦》,第123卷,2240到2255頁。

2. 字詞長度的影響與算術問題操作

C. Lemer (2000),碩士論文部分章節(以法語寫成),或未出版之英語手稿。副標題未定。

Gathercole與Baddeley,〈比較使用不同語言的兒童計算速度與算術學習(副標題未定)〉。

3. 不同語言中的數詞

K. Miller、S. M. Major、H. Shu與H. Zhang (2000),〈順序之知識:中文與英文中數名與數的概念〉。《加拿大實驗心理學期刊》,第54卷,129到139頁。

推理

1. 推理中與事實相反的假設

J. Lucy (1992),《語言分歧與思想:有系統地說明語言影響假說》。劍橋大學出版社:英國劍橋。(208到256頁)

2. 雙語使用與認知控制

E. Bialystok (1999),〈雙語使用者心智的認知複雜性與注意力控制〉。《兒童發展》,第70卷第三期,636到644頁。

3. 因果關係

心智理論

H. Lohman與M. Tomasello(手稿),《假信念理解的發展過程中語言的角色》

J. G. de Villiers與J. Pyers (2002),〈由補語到認知:複雜句與假信念理解之關係的演變研究〉。《認知發展》,第17卷第一期,1037到1060頁。

M. Siegal、R. Varley與S. C. Want (2001),〈心智凌駕語法:失語症患者與發展中兒童的推理〉。《認知科學趨勢》,296到301頁。

引導成型與概念改變

C. Smith與C. Unger (1997),〈「每格都有幾個點」實驗有何意義?概念的引導成型與無表面提示的視覺相似物〉。《學習科學期刊》,第六卷,143到181頁。

D. Gentner、S. Brem、R. W. Ferguson、A. B. Markman、B. B. Levidow、P. Wolff與K. D. Forbus (1997),〈類比推理與概念改變:刻卜勒個案研究。〉《認知科學期刊》,第6卷第一期,3到40頁。




Class Description

This course examines the many interrelationships between language & thought. Do people who speak different languages think differently? Does learning new languages change the way you think? Do polyglots think differently when speaking different languages? Are some thoughts unthinkable without language? The course discussion will bring together ideas and findings from cognitive, developmental, and cultural psychology, as well as linguistics, anthropology, and ethology.



Requirements

  • Attend class.
  • Present papers based on readings.


Presentations

A priori arguments

Chapter 3 from Pinker, S. (1994) The Language Instinct: How the mind creates language. William Morrow & Co.: New York.

Slobin, D. I (1996). From "thought and language" to "thinking for speaking." In Gumperz, JJ., & Levinson, SC. (Eds.,) Rethinking linguistic relativity. Studies in the social and cultural foundations of language, No. 17. (pp. 70-96).

Hunt, E., & Agnoli, F. (1991). The Whorfian hypothesis: A cognitive psychology perspective. Psychological Review. Vol 98(3): 377-389.

Language as selector vs. constructor

1. tight/loose

McDonough, L., Choi, S., & Mandler, J. (2003). Understanding spatial relations: Flexible Infants, Lexical Adults. Cognitive Psychology,46(3),229-59.

Hespos, S. J. & Spelke, E. S. (unpublished). Conceptual precursors to language.

2. directionality in reading

Yamada, R. A. & Tohkura, Y. (1992). The effects of experimental variables on the perception of American English /r/ and /l/ by Japanese listeners. Perception & Psychophysics, 52, 376-392.

Strange, W. & Dittman, S. (1984). Effects of discrimination training on the perception of /r-l/ by Japanese adults learning English. Perception & Psychophysics, 36, 131-145.

3. vowels

Kuhl, P. K. (2000). Language, mind & brain: Experience alters perception. In M. Gazzaniga (Ed.) The New Cognitive Neurosciences. MIT Press.

Color & Shape

Rosch, E.H. (1973) Natural categories. Cognitive Psychology, 4, 328-350.

Roberson, D., Davidoff, J., Shapiro, L. (in press). Squaring the circle: The cultural relativity of ‘good’ shape. To appear in Journal of Cognition and Culture.

Time

1. tense and temporal order

Guiora, A. (1983). Language and concept formation: A cross-lingual analysis. Behavior Science Research. Vol 18(3): 228-256.

2. time as distance and quantity

Mori, I. (1976). A cross-cultural study on children's conception of speed and duration: A comparison between Japanese and Thai children. Japanese Psychological Research. Vol 18(3): 105-112.

Casasanto, D. & Boroditsky, L. (in preparation). Time and language.

3. Writing direction

Tversky, B., Kugelmass, S., Winter, A. (1991). Cross-cultural and developmental trends in graphic productions. Cognitive-Psychology. Vol 23(4): 515-557

Morikawa, K, McBeath, M. (1992). Lateral motion bias associated with reading direction. Vision Research. Vol 32(6): 1137-1141.

Material Kind/Object Kind

Imai, M. and Mazuko, R. (in press). Re-evaluation of linguistic relativity: Language-specific categories and the role of universal ontological knowledge in the construal of individuals.

Lucy, J. (1992) Grammatical cagtegories and cognition: A case study of the linguistic relativity hypothesis. (pages 72-84).

Colunga, E. and Smith, L.B. (2000). Learning to learn words: A cross-linguistic study of the shape and material biases. Poster presented at the BU Language Acquisition Conference.

Yoshida, H. and Smith, L. B. (in press). Shifting Ontological Boundaries: How Japanese- and English Speaking Children Generalize Names for Animals and Artifacts.

Gender

Sera, M., Berge, C., & del Castillo, J. (1994) Grammatical and conceptual forces in the attribution of gender by English and Spanish speakers. Cognitive Development, 9, 3, 261-292.

Guiora, A. (1983). Language and concept formation: A cross-lingual analysis. Behavior Science Research. Vol 18(3): 228-256.

Foundalis, H. (2002). Evolution of gender in Indo-European languages. Proceedings of the 24th Annual meeting of the Cognitive Science Society.

Mulford, R. (1985). Comprehension of Icelandic pronoun gender: Semantic versus formal factors. Journal-of-Child-Language, 12(2): 443-453.

Perez-Pereira, M. (1991). The acquisition of gender: What Spanish children tell us. Journal-of-Child-Language, 18(3): 571-590.

Space

Li, P. & Gleitman, L. R. (2002). Turning the tables: Language and spatial reasoning. Cognition, 83, 265-294.

Levinson, S. C., Kita, S., Haun, D. B. M., Rasch, B. H. (2002). Returning the tables: Language affects spatial reasoning. Cognition, 84, 155-188.

Shusterman, A. & Spelke, E. unpublished paper on effects of spatial language training on children's navigation.

Events

1. manner/path

Gennari, S., Sloman, S., Malt, B., Fitch,W. (2002). Motion events in language and cognition. Cognition. Vol 83(1): 49-79.

Papafragou, A., Massey, C., Gleitman, L. (2002). Shake, rattle, 'n' roll: The representation of motion in language and cognition. Cognition. Vol 84(2): 189-219.

2. tense

Boroditsky, L., Ham, W. & Ramscar, M. (2002). What is universal about event perception? Comparing English and Indonesian speakers. Proceedings of the 24th Annual Meeting of the Cognitive Science Society.

3. aspect

Boroditsky, L., & Trusova, Z. (in preparation). Cross-linguistic differences in verb aspect and their effects on thought: Encoding completion in English and Russian.

Number 1

Giaquinto (in press). Mental number lines. In Carruthers, P. (ed). Culture and the Innate Mind.

Mix, K. S., Huttenlocher, J. and Levine, S. C. (1996) Do preschool children recognize auditory-visual correspondences? Child Development, 67, 1592, 1608.

Hermalin, B and O’Conner, N. (1990). Factors and primes: as specific numerical ability. Psychological Medicine, 20, 163-169.

Number 2

1. fMRI studies of exact vs. approximate number representations

Dehaene, S., Spelke, E., Pinel, P., Stanescu, R., & Tsivkin, S. (1999). Sources of mathematical thinking: Behavioral and brain-imaging evidence. Science, 284, 970-974.

Stanescu-Cosson, R., Pinel, P., van de Moortele, P.-F., Le Bihan, D., Cohen, L., & Dehaene, S. (2000). Understanding dissociations in dyscalculia: A brain imaging study of the impact of number size on the cerebral networks for exact and approximate calculation. Brain, 123, 2240-2255.

2. the phonological length effect and arithmetic calculation

Lemer, C. (2000). Chapter from her thesis (in French!) or unpublished manuscript in English: TBA

Gathercole & Baddeley on calculation speed and arithmetic learning by children who speak different languages: TBA.

3. number words in different languages

Miller, K., Major, S.M., Shu, H., & Zhang, H. (2000). Ordinal knowledge: number names and number concepts in Chinese and English. Canadian Journal of Experimental Psychology, 54, 129-139.

Reasoning

1. counterfactuals

Lucy, J. (1992). Language diversity and thought: A reformulation of the linguistic relativity hypothesis. Cambridge University Press: Cambridge, England. (pages 208-256).

2. bilingualism and cognitive control

Bialystok, E. (1999). Cognitive complexity and attentional control in the bilingual mind. Child Development. Vol 70(3): 636-644.

3. causality

Theory of mind

Lohman, H. and Tomasello, M. (manuscript) The role of language in the development of false belief understanding.

de Villiers, J.G. & Pyers, J. (2002) Complements to Cognition: A longitudinal study of the relationship between complex syntax and false-belief-understanding. Cognitive Development.

Siegal, M,. Varley, R., Want, S.C. (2001). Mind over grammar: reasoning in aphasia and development. Trends Cogn Sci, 296-301.

Bootstrapping and conceptual change

Smith, C. and Unger, C. (1997) What’s in dots-per-box? Conceptual boot-strapping with stripped-down visual analogs. Journal of the Learning Sciences, 6, 143-181.

Gentner, D., Brem, S., Ferguson, R. W., Markman, A. B., Levidow, B. B., Wolff, P., & Forbus, K. D. (1997). Analogical reasoning and conceptual change: A case study of Johannes Kepler. The Journal of the Learning Sciences, 6(1), 3-40.




 
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