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以下的相關閱讀資料提供這門課的基礎。點擊各連結可看到你可利用的期刊文章摘要。這些資料依照講稿主題排列。
The readings listed below provide the foundation of this course. Click on the links to view abstracts for the journal articles, where available. The readings are arranged by lecture topic.
脊椎機制
Spinal Mechanisms
Bizzi, E., M. C. Tresch, P. Saltiel, and A. d'Avella. 〈脊髓運動系統的新觀點〉《自然評論/神經科學》1 (2000): 101-108.
Bizzi, E., M. C. Tresch, P. Saltiel, and A. d'Avella. "New Perspectives on Spinal Motor Systems. "Nature Reviews/Neuroscience 1 (2000): 101-108.
Mussa-Ivaldi, F. A., and E. Bizzi. 〈透過原始人的連絡來看運動學習〉《英國皇家學會會報：生物科學》355 (2000): 1755-1769.
Mussa-Ivaldi, F. A., and E. Bizzi. "Motor Learning Through the Combination of Primitives." Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society Lond.: Biological Sciences 355 (2000): 1755-1769.
反射機制
Reflex Mechanisms
Kandel, Eric R., James H. Schwartz, and Thomas M. Jessell. 《神經科學的原則》第四版. Chap. 39, pp. 713-736.
Kandel, Eric R., James H. Schwartz, and Thomas M. Jessell. Principles of Neural Science. 4th ed. Chap. 39, pp. 713-736.
Kargo, William J., and Simon F. Giszter. 〈以原始人蠻力的總合將目標活動迅速校正〉 《神經科學期刊》. 20 (2000): 409-426.
Kargo, William J., and Simon F. Giszter. "Rapid Correction of Aimed Movements by Summation of Force-Field Primitives." J. Neurosci. 20 (2000): 409-426.
Tresch, Mathew C., Philippe Saltiel, and Emilio Bizzi. 〈以脊柱建構動作〉《自然的神經科學》2 (1999): 162-167.
Tresch, Mathew C., Philippe Saltiel, and Emilio Bizzi. "The Construction of Movement by the Spinal Cord." Nature Neuroscience 2 (1999): 162-167.
運動
Locomotion
Flanagan, J. R., and A. K. Rao. 〈非線性視覺運動轉型的軌道適應：在視覺可察知的空間中，行動制定的證據〉 《神經生理學期刊》74 (1995): 2174-2178.
Flanagan, J. R., and A. K. Rao. "Trajectory Adaptation to a Nonlinear Visuomotor Transformation: Evidence for Motion Planning in Visually Perceived Space." Journal of Neurophysiology 74 (1995): 2174-2178.
Hiebert, G. W., and K. G. Pearson. 〈在去腦貓的走動期間，伸張肌運動的產生對於感覺反饋的貢獻〉《神經生理學期刊》81 (1999): 758-770. (0022-3077/99 美國生理學學會)
Hiebert, G. W., and K. G. Pearson. "Contribution of Sensory Feedback to the Generation of Extensor Activity During Walking in the Decerebrate Cat." J. Neurophysiol 81 (1999): 758-770. (0022-3077/99 The American Physiological Society.)
Kandel, Schwartz, and Jessell. 〈運動〉
Kandel, Schwartz, and Jessell. "Locomotion."
Kjaerulff, O., and O. Kiehn. 〈在試管中分配新生鼠脊柱神經網絡產生及協調一致的運動能力：損傷研究〉《神經科學期刊 》16, 18 (1996): 5777-5794.
Kjaerulff, O., and O. Kiehn. "Distribution of Networks Generating and Coordinating Locomotor Activity in the Neonatal Rat Spinal Cord in Vitro: A Lesion Study." The Journal of Neuroscience 16, 18 (1996): 5777-5794.
Vallbo, A. B., and J. Wessberg. 〈人類緩慢手指運動的運動輸出組織〉《生理學期刊 》469 (1993): 673-691.
Vallbo, A. B., and J. Wessberg. "Organization of Motor Output in Slow Finger Movements in Man." Journal of Physiology 469 (1993): 673-691.
體感覺皮質的動態變化及可塑性
Somatosensory Cortex Dynamics and Plasticity
DiCarlo, J. J., and K. O. Johnson. 〈在靈長類的體感覺3B區域，接受區的空間與時間結構：檢視刺激方向的影響 〉《神經科學期刊》. 20, 1 (2000): 495-510.
DiCarlo, J. J., and K. O. Johnson. "Spatial and Temporal Structure of Receptive Fields in Primate Somatosensory Area 3B: Effects of Stimulus Scanning Direction." J. Neurosci. 20, 1 (2000): 495-510.
DiCarlo, J. J., K. O. Johnson, and S. S. Hsiao. 〈活潑猴子的初級體感覺皮質中，3B區域接受區結構〉《神經科學期刊》18, 7 (1998): 2626-2645.
DiCarlo, J. J., K. O. Johnson, and S. S. Hsiao. "Structure of Receptive Fields in Area 3B of Primary Somatosensory Cortex in the Alert Monkey." J. Neurosci. 18, 7 (1998): 2626-2645.
Florence, S. L., N. Jain, M. W. Pospichal, P. D. Beck, D. L. Sly, and J. H. Kaas. 〈隨著初生猴子週邊神經的再生，感覺途徑的中央再組織〉 《自然 》381 (1996): 69-71.
Florence, S. L., N. Jain, M. W. Pospichal, P. D. Beck, D. L. Sly, and J. H. Kaas. "Central Reorganization of Sensory Pathways Following Peripheral Nerve Regeneration in Fetal Monkeys." Nature 381 (1996): 69-71.
Johnson, K. O. 〈神經編碼〉《神經元》 26 (2000): 563-566.
Johnson, K. O. "Neural Coding." Neuron 26 (2000): 563-566.
Kaas, J. H. 〈成熟的哺乳動物在感覺和運動定位的可塑性 〉 《神經科學年度評論》14 (1991): 137-67.
Kaas, J. H. "Plasticity of Sensory and Motor Maps in Adult Mammals." Annu. Rev. of Neurosci. 14 (1991): 137-67.
Moore, C. I., S. B. Nelson, and M. Sur. 〈大鼠體感覺皮質中，神經元處理 過程的動態變化〉 《神經科學潮流 》22 (1999): 513-520.
Moore, C. I., S. B. Nelson, and M. Sur. "Dynamics of Neuronal Processing in Rat Somatosensory Cortex." Trends in Neurosciences 22 (1999): 513-520.
Nicolelis, M. A. L., A. A. Ghazanfar, C. R. Stambaugh, L. M. O. Oliveira, M. Laubach, J. K. Chapin, R. J. Nelson, and J. H. Kaas. 〈在靈長類三個皮質區域中，觸覺資訊的 同時編碼〉《自然神經科學 》7 (1998): 621-630.
Nicolelis, M. A. L., A. A. Ghazanfar, C. R. Stambaugh, L. M. O. Oliveira, M. Laubach, J. K. Chapin, R. J. Nelson, and J. H. Kaas. "Simultaneous Encoding of Tactile Information by Three Primate Cortical Areas." Nature Neuroscience 7 (1998): 621-630.
Racanzone, G. H., M. M. Merzenich, and C. E. Schreiner. 〈在初級體感覺(SI)皮質神經元中，分配的時間反應性質的改變，反映在以時間為基礎的觸覺辨識任務 改善上〉《神經生理學期刊》. 67 (1992): 1071-1091.
Racanzone, G. H., M. M. Merzenich, and C. E. Schreiner. "Changes in the Distributed Temporal Response Properties of SI Cortical Neurons Reflect Improvements in Performance on a Temporally Based Tactile Discrimination Task." J. Neurophys. 67 (1992): 1071-1091.
Romo, R., A. Hernandez, A. Zainos, and E. Salinas. 〈以皮質微弱刺激為基礎的體感覺辨識〉《自然》392 (1998): 387-390.
Romo, R., A. Hernandez, A. Zainos, and E. Salinas. "Somatosensory Discrimination Based on Cortical Microstimulation." Nature 392 (1998): 387-390.
Romo, R., and E. Salinas. 〈一觸即發：體感覺的決定機制〉 《神經科學年度評論》24 (2001): 107-37.
Romo, R., and E. Salinas. "Touch and Go: Decision-Making Mechanisms in Somatosensation." Annu. Rev. Neurosci. 24 (2001): 107-37.
Sheth, B., C. I. Moore, and M. Sur. 〈大鼠桶狀皮質中空間界域的時間調節〉 《神經生理學期刊》. 79 (1998): 464-470.
Sheth, B., C. I. Moore, and M. Sur. "Temporal Modulation of Spatial Borders in Rat Barrel Cortex." J.Neurophys. 79 (1998): 464-470.
Steinmetz, P. N., A. Roy, P. J. Fitzgerald, S. S. Hsiao, K. O. Johnson , and E. Niebur. 〈在靈長類體感覺皮質，注意力調節同時性神經元的激動〉 《自然》 404 (2000): 187-190.
Steinmetz, P. N., A. Roy, P. J. Fitzgerald, S. S. Hsiao, K. O. Johnson , and E. Niebur. "Attention Modulates Synchronized Neuronal Firing in Primate Somatosensory Cortex." Nature 404 (2000): 187-190.
Sur, M. 〈時間和空間的體感覺皮質定位〉《自然 》378 (1995): 13-14.
Sur, M. "Somatosensory Cortex. Maps of Time and Space." Nature 378 (1995): 13-14.
Wang, X., M. M. Merzenich, K. Sameshima, and W. M. Jenkins. 〈以觸覺刺激的時間為方法，成人皮質決定後，手的表現的重新塑造〉 《自然 》378 (1995): 71-75. (附注釋)
Wang, X., M. M. Merzenich, K. Sameshima, and W. M. Jenkins. "Remodeling of Hand Representation in Adult Cortex Determined by Timing of Tactile Stimulation." Nature 378 (1995): 71-75. (With commentary.)
運動和前運動皮質
Motor and Pre-Motor Cortex
Brashers-Krug, T., R. Shadmehr, and E. Bizzi. 〈人類運動記憶的鞏固〉《自然》 382 (1996): 252-255.
Brashers-Krug, T., R. Shadmehr, and E. Bizzi. "Consolidation in Human Motor Memory." Nature 382 (1996): 252-255.
Gandolfo, F., C. S. R. Li, B. J. Benda, C. P. Schioppa, and E. Bizzi. 〈猴子學習的皮質關聯對於一個動態環境的適應〉《國家學術科學會刊》97 (2000): 2259-2263.
Gandolfo, F., C. S. R. Li, B. J. Benda, C. P. Schioppa, and E. Bizzi. "Cortical Correlates of Learning in Monkeys Adapting to a New Dynamical Environment." PNAS 97 (2000): 2259-2263.
Georgopoulos, A. P., A. B. Schwartz, and R. E. Kettner. 〈移動方向的神經元整體規則〉《科學》233 (1986): 1416-1419.
Georgopoulos, A. P., A. B. Schwartz, and R. E. Kettner. "Neuronal Population Coding of Movement Direction." Science 233 (1986): 1416-1419.
Georgopoulos, A. P., J. F. Kalaska, R. Caminiti, and J. T. Massey. 〈二維手臂運動和靈長類運動皮質的細胞分泌物的關聯〉《神經生理學期刊》2 (1982): 1527-1537.
Georgopoulos, A. P., J. F. Kalaska, R. Caminiti, and J. T. Massey. "On the Relations Between the Direction of Two-Dimensional Arm Movements and Cell Discharge in Primate Motor Cortex." J. Neurosci. 2 (1982): 1527-1537.
Grafton, S.T., E. Hazeltine, and R. B. Ibry. 〈以正電子放射斷層攝影辨識運動系列的梗概和特化動器的代表〉《神經生理學期刊》 18 (1998): 9420-9428.
Grafton, S.T., E. Hazeltine, and R. B. Ibry. "Abstract and Effector-Specific Representations of Motor Sequences Identified with PET." J. Neurosci. 18 (1998): 9420-9428.
Grafton, S.T., J. Salidis, and D. B. Willingham. 〈可共存和不可共存的視覺運動定位的運動學習〉《認知神經科學期刊》. 13 (2001): 217-231.
Grafton, S.T., J. Salidis, and D. B. Willingham. "Motor Learning of Compatible and Incompatible Visuomotor Maps." J. Cog. Neurosci. 13 (2001): 217-231.
Graziano, M. S. A., and C. G. Gross. 〈運動支配的空間定位〉《Curr. Opin. Neurobiol》. 8 (1998): 195-201.
Graziano, M. S. A., and C. G. Gross. "Spatial Maps for the Control of Movement." Curr. Opin. Neurobiol. 8 (1998): 195-201.
Kakei, S., D. S. Hoffman, and P. L. Strick. 〈初級運動皮質的肌肉和活動代表〉《科學》 285 (1999): 2136-2139.
Kakei, S., D. S. Hoffman, and P. L. Strick. "Muscle and Movement Representations in the Primary Motor Cortex." Science 285 (1999): 2136-2139.
Kalaska, J. F., S. H. Scott, P. Cisek, and L. Sergio. 〈伸展運動的皮質控制〉《神經生物學的目前主張》7 (1997): 849-859.
Kalaska, J. F., S. H. Scott, P. Cisek, and L. Sergio. "Cortical Control of Reaching Movements." Curr. Opin. Neurobiol. 7 (1997): 849-859.
Kandel, R., J. H. Schwartz, and T. M. Jessell, eds. 〈自主運動〉《神經科學原理》, 4th ed. New York: McGraw-Hill, 2000, pp. 756-781
Kandel, R., J. H. Schwartz, and T. M. Jessell, eds. "Voluntary Movement." In Principles of Neural Science, 4th ed. New York: McGraw-Hill, 2000, pp. 756-781.
Kleim, J. A., S. Barbay, and R. J. Nudo. 〈隨著運動技巧學習，大鼠皮質的功能再組織〉《神經生理學期刊》. 80 (1998): 3321-3325.
Kleim, J. A., S. Barbay, and R. J. Nudo. "Functional Reorganization of the Rat Motor Cortex Following Motor Skill Learning." J. Neurophysiol. 80 (1998): 3321-3325.
Li, C. S. R., C. Padoa-Schioppa, and E. Bizzi. 〈在猴子初級運動皮質對於外力的適應中，找到運動表現和運動學習的神經元關聯〉《神經元》 30 (2001): 593-607.
Li, C. S. R., C. Padoa-Schioppa, and E. Bizzi. "Neuronal Correlates of Motor Performance and Motor Learning in the Primary Motor Cortex of Monkeys Adapting to an External Force Field." Neuron 30 (2001): 593-607.
Muellbacher, W., U. Ziemann, J. Wissel, N. Dang, M. Kofler, S. Facchini, B. Boroojerdi, W. Poewe, and M. Hallett. 〈人類初級運動皮質的早期鞏固〉《自然》 415 (2002): 640-644.
Muellbacher, W., U. Ziemann, J. Wissel, N. Dang, M. Kofler, S. Facchini, B. Boroojerdi, W. Poewe, and M. Hallett. "Early Consolidation in Human Primary Motor Cortex." Nature 415 (2002): 640-644.
Rioult-Pedotti, M. S., D. Friedman, G. Hess, and J. P. Donoghue. 〈隨著技巧學習，水平皮質連接的加強〉《自然神經科學》 1 (1998): 230-234.
Rioult-Pedotti, M. S., D. Friedman, G. Hess, and J. P. Donoghue. "Strengthening of Horizontal Cortical Connections Following Skill Learning." Nat. Neurosci. 1 (1998): 230-234.
Rioult-Pedotti, M. S., F. Friedman, and J. P. Donoghue. 〈新皮質由學習所導致的長期增益〉《科學》290 (2000): 533-536.
Rioult-Pedotti, M. S., F. Friedman, and J. P. Donoghue. "Learning-Induced LTP in Neocortex." Science 290 (2000): 533-536.
Rizzolatti, G., L. Fadiga, V. Gallese, and L. Fogassi. 〈前運動皮質和運動行為的辨認〉《認知的腦研究》 3 (1996): 131-141.
Rizzolatti, G., L. Fadiga, V. Gallese, and L. Fogassi. "Premotor Cortex and the Recognition of Motor Actions." Cog. Br. Res. 3 (1996): 131-141.
Rizzolatti, G., L. Fogassi, and V. Gallese. 〈頂葉皮質:從觀看到行動〉《神經生物學的目前主張》7 (1997): 562-567.
Rizzolatti, G., L. Fogassi, and V. Gallese. "Parietal Cortex: From Sight to Action." Curr. Opin. Neurobiol. 7 (1997): 562-567.
Sanes, J. N., and J. P. Donoghue. 〈可塑性和初級運動皮質〉《神經科學年度評論》. 23 (2000): 393-415.
Sanes, J. N., and J. P. Donoghue. "Plasticity and Primary Motor Cortex." Annu. Rev. Neurosci. 23 (2000): 393-415.
Schieber, M. H. 〈在初級運動皮質的體神經排列限制〉《神經生理學期刊》. 86 (2001): 2125-2143.
Schieber, M. H. "Constraints on Somatotopic Organization in the Primary Motor Cortex." J. Neurophysiol. 86 (2001): 2125-2143.
Scott, S. H., P. L. Gribble, K. M. Graham, and D. W. Cabel. 〈在運動皮質的神經元運動中，手部運動和整體向量的分解〉《自然 》413 (2001): 161-165.
Scott, S. H., P. L. Gribble, K. M. Graham, and D. W. Cabel. "Dissociation Between Hand Motion and Population Vectors from Neural Activity in Motor Cortex." Nature 413 (2001): 161-165.
Shima, K., and J. Tanji. 〈由於獎勵而有所選擇的自主活動中，扣帶運動皮質區域細胞的角色〉《科學》 282 (1998): 1335-1338.
Shima, K., and J. Tanji. "Role for Cingulate Motor Area Cells in Voluntary Movement Selection Based on Reward." Science 282 (1998): 1335-1338.
Wessberg, J., C. R. Stambaugh, J. D. Kralik, P. D. Beck, M. Laubach, J. K. Chapin, J. Kim, S. J. Biggs, M. A. Srinivasan, and M. A. L. Nicolelis. 〈藉由整體的靈長類動物皮質神經元作出即時的手部軌道預測〉《自然》408 (2000): 361-365.
Wessberg, J., C. R. Stambaugh, J. D. Kralik, P. D. Beck, M. Laubach, J. K. Chapin, J. Kim, S. J. Biggs, M. A. Srinivasan, and M. A. L. Nicolelis. "Real-Time Prediction of Hand Trajectory by Ensembles of Cortical Neurons in Primates." Nature 408 (2000): 361-365.
Wise, S. P., S. L. Moody, K. J. Blomstrom, and A. R. Mitz. 〈視覺運動適應期間，運動皮質活動的改變〉 《實驗性的腦研究》121 (1998): 285-299.
Wise, S. P., S. L. Moody, K. J. Blomstrom, and A. R. Mitz. "Changes in Motor Cortical Activity During Visuomotor Adaptation." Exp. Brain Res. 121 (1998): 285-299.
伸展運動
Reaching Movements
Flanagan, J. R., and A. K. Rao.〈非線性視覺運動轉型的軌道適應：在視覺可察知的空間中，行動制定的證據〉 《神經生理學期刊》74 (1995): 2174-2178.
Flanagan J. R, and A. K. Rao. "Trajectory Adaptation to a Nonlinear Visuomotor Transformation: Evidence for Motion Planning in Visually Perceived Space." Journal of Neurophysiology 74 (1995): 2174-2178.
Vallbo A. B., and J. Wessberg. 〈人類緩慢手指運動的運動輸出組織〉《生理學期刊》469 (1992): 673-691.
Vallbo A. B., and J. Wessberg. "Organization of Motor Output in Slow Finger Movements in Man." Journal of Physiology 469 (1992): 673-691.
眼球運動
Eye Movements
Hikosaka, O., and R. H. Wurtz. 〈藉由GABA類物質掃視眼球運動的改變. I.蕈毒醇和必枯枯靈的影響在猴子上丘的影響〉《神經生理學期刊》 53 (1985): 266-291.
Hikosaka, O., and R. H. Wurtz. "Modification of Saccadic Eye Movements by GABA-Related Substances. I. Effect of Muscimol and Bicuculine in Monkey Superior Colliculus." J. Neurophysiol 53 (1985): 266-291.
Schiller, P. H. 〈肉眼引導眼球運動的神經元控制〉《認知科學的注意》.由J. Richards編.紐澤西州: Erlbaum, 1998.
Schiller, P. H. "The Neural Control of Visually Guided Eye Movements." In Cognitive Neuroscience of Attention. Edited by J. Richards. NJ: Erlbaum, 1998.
Schiller, P. H., and J. E. Tehovnik. 〈注視和觀看:腦如何轉動你的眼珠往想轉的地方〉《視覺:從神經元到認知》 第九章,由C. Casanova and M. Ptito. M.A.編輯 (更進一步的在腦的研究Vol. 134. 阿姆斯特丹,Elsevier, 2001.)
Schiller, P. H., and J. E. Tehovnik. "Look and See: How the brain moves your eyes about." Chap. 9 in Vision: from Neurons to Cognition. Edited by C. Casanova and M. Ptito. M.A. (Progress in Brain Research. Vol. 134. Amsterdam, Elsevier, 2001.)
Tehovnik, E. J., M. A. Sommer, I. Chou, W. M. Slocum, and P. H. Schiller. 〈靈長類額葉的視覺區〉《腦部研究評論》 32 (2000): 413-448.
Tehovnik, E. J., M. A. Sommer, I. Chou, W. M. Slocum, and P. H. Schiller. "Eye Fields in the Frontal Lobes of Primates." Brain Research Reviews 32 (2000): 413-448.
基底核
Basal Ganglia
Bar-Gad, I., and H. Bergman. 〈走出盒子：基底核的神經網絡對於資訊的處理 〉《神經生物學的目前主張》. 11 (2001): 689-695.
Bar-Gad, I., and H. Bergman. "Stepping Out of the Box: Information Processing in the Neural Networks of the Basal Ganglia." Curr. Opin. Neurobiol. 11 (2001): 689-695.
Beiser, D. G., and J. C. Houk. 〈皮質-基底核神經節處理模式:感覺事件序列的編碼〉《神經生理學期刊》. 79 (1998): 3168-3188.
Beiser, D. G., and J. C. Houk. "Model of Cortico-Basal Ganglionic Processing: Encoding the Serial Order of Sensory Events." J. Neurophysiol. 79 (1998): 3168-3188.
Blazquez, P., N. Fujii, J. Kojima, and A. M. Graybiel. 〈在紋狀體中，反應可能性的網絡代表性〉《神經元》 33 (2002): 973-982.
Blazquez, P., N. Fujii, J. Kojima, and A. M. Graybiel. "A Network Representation Of Response Probability in the Striatum." Neuron 33 (2002): 973-982.
DeLong, M. R. 〈基底核〉《神經科學一般原則》. 4th ed. Edited by E. R. Kandel, J. H. Schwartz, and T. M. Jessell. New York: McGraw-Hill, 2000, pp. 853-867.
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運動皮質可塑性的機制
Mechanisms of Motor Cortex Plasticity
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運動失調和小腦症候群
Ataxia and Cerebellar Syndromes
Albus, J. S.〈小腦功能的理論〉《數學、生物科學》. 10 (1971): 25-61.
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運動學習
Motor Learning
Caminiti R., P. B. Johnson, and A. Urbano. 〈在不同部分空間內作出手臂運動: 靈長類運動皮質的動態觀點〉《神經科學期刊》. 10 (1990): 2039-2058.
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Johnson, M. T., C. R. Mason, and T. J. Ebner. "Central Processes for the Multiparametric Control Of Arm Movements in Primates." Curr Opin Neurobiol. 11 (2001): 684-688.
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Kalaska, J. F., S. H. Scott, P. E. Cisek, and L. Sergio. 〈伸展運動的皮質支配〉《神經生物學的目前主張》. 7 (1997): 849-859.
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Thach, W. T. 〈神經元分泌的模式、肌肉活動的力量、關節位置、在運動皮質和小腦，下個動作的預計方向，四者互有關聯〉《神經生理學期刊》. 41 (1978): 654-676.
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