舉例:膝跳反射(牽張反射)
膝反射是不自主的嗎?Is a knee jerk not voluntary?
反射調控Modulation of reflexes
手互扣外拉手法Jendrassik maneuver
反射抑制Suppression of reflexes
外部表現:External:
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視覺Visual
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聽覺Auditory
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觸覺/壓力Touch/Pressure
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痛覺Pain
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重力Gravity
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受器Receptors
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嗅覺Olfactory
內部表現:Internal:
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本體感受器Proprioreceptors
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肌肉、腱、系帶和韌帶內的感受器Receptors in muscles, tendons, fascia and ligaments
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獲得性觸發Learned triggers
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刺激 反應S R
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非條件化刺激 非條件化反應UCS UCR
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(內在刺激 + 非條件化刺激)n 內在刺激 內在反應(Si + UCS)n Si Ri
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意圖Intention
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認知控制Cognitive Control
第三期:控制運動的神經系統所用到的提示Issue 3: Cues Used by the Nervous System to Control Movements
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感覺運動、記憶術的和認知Sensorimotor, mnemonic, and cognitive
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語言系統的例子Example of the language system
第四期:分析層次Issue 4: Levels of Analysis
層次I:Level I:
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情感/認知Emotion/Cognition
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書寫運動系統Grapho-Motor System
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語言運動系統Motor-Speech System
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聽覺系統Auditory System
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視覺系統Visual System
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寫說聽讀Writing Speaking Hearing Reading
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公式表述Formulation
語言系統:Language System:
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工作Working
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記憶Memory
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理解Comprehension
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運動控制的序列模型Serial model of motor control
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運動控制的序列模型所需的計算Computations required by serial model of motor control
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前饋/反饋控制Feed-forward / feedback control
第五期:計算什麼和如何計算?Issue 5: What is Computed and How?
運動控制的序列模型:Serial Model of Motor Control:
運動學:Kinematics:
動力學:Dynamics:
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運動相關力的形式– 關節力矩Patterns of forces associated with the movements – joint torques.
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假設你看見並確定了一個物體和身體之間的相對位置,要拿到它,就需要計算:Assume you visually specify object position with respect to the body. To reach it, is then necessary to compute:
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反向運動學:計算手指接觸物體時的關節角度Inverse kinematics: Compute the joint angle to get the finger to the target.
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反向動力學:假定已知物體的位置和運動學後,計算將手臂伸到物體所需的力量Inverse dynamics: Given desired target position and kinematics, compute the forces needed to get the arm there.
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運動控制序列模型所需的計算Computations required by serial model of motor control
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前饋/反饋控制Feed-forward / feedback control
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舉例:伸手拿某物體E.g. touch X
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頭部的眼球Eye in head
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軀體上的頭Head on trunk
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軀體上的手臂Arm on trunk
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手臂關節和手Arm joints / hand
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以自我為參照點Egocentric
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中心掃描Center scan
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視網膜拓撲圖Retinotopic
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以物體為基礎的Object centered?
第六期:感覺運動控制的空間座標架構Issue 6: Spatial Coordinate Frames Used for Sensorimotor Control
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大腦皮層Cerebral cortex
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基底核Basal ganglia
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小腦Cerebellum
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腦幹Brainstem
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脊髓Spinal cord
第七期:運動控制相關的腦區有哪些?Issue 7: What Brain Regions are Involved in Motor Control?
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刺激Stimulation
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切除/人類臨床病理相關Ablation / human clinicopath correlations
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連結的解剖Anatomy of connections
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動物研究Animal studies
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反射Reflexes
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運動Locomotion
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行為模式Behavioral patterns
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以基因為基礎的研究Gene-based studies
第八期:研究運動控制用到了哪些技術?Issue 8: What Techniques are Used to Study Motor Control?
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自由度問題Degrees of freedom problem
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行為的序列順序Serial order of behavior
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感覺/知覺運動轉換Sensory / perceptual motor transform
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運動相等量Motor equivalence
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運動學習和可塑性Motor learning and plasticity
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高階控制:認知、動機Higher order control: cognition, motivation
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計算模型Computational models
第九期:本領域內的挑戰 Issue 9: Challenges for the Field
自由度問題:Degrees of Freedom Problem:
自由度問題:Degrees of Freedom Problem:
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事先制訂計畫Plan ahead
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使肌肉痙攣最少 (da/dt)Minimize jerk (da/dt)
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內建的同步 (例如,「協同運動」)Built-in synchronies (e.g. “associated movements”)
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「難度太大選擇放棄」 (Alexander + Crutcher)“Too complicated so can’t be done so we don’t do it” (Alexander + Crutcher)
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終點計算和軌跡計算End point calculations vs. trajectory calculations
自由度問題的可能解決方案:Possible Solutions to the Degrees of Freedom Problem:
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講話Speech
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複雜動作Complex actions
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碗櫥中的牛奶Milk in cupboard
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電冰箱中燕麥盒子Cereal box in fridge
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協同構音 [編:下一個字的音影響到其一個字的尾音,意指再前一個動作結束前下一個作已經開始做準備]Co-articulation
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手指移動 –並非依照需要打出的字母順序而動作——群指動作Fingers move ahead – not in order of letters to be typed – as in “an epic”
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模組性?Modularity?
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塊狀?Chunking?
連續有序的動作範例:Examples of Serial Order of Behavior:
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來源:Rosenbaum, D.A. (1991) 人類運動控制 紐約,論著,第16頁Source: Rosenbaum, D.A. (1991) Human Motor Control. New York, Academic, p. 16.
協同構音Co-articulation
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來源:Rosenbaum, D.A. (1991) 人類運動控制 紐約,論著,第6頁Source: Rosenbaum, D.A. (1991) Human Motor Control. New York, Academic, p. 6.
第五講範例大綱:運動皮層Sample Lecture Outline for Lecture 5: Motor Cortex
初級運動皮層Primary Motor Cortex
錐體束的作用Role of the Pyramidal Track
M1神經元的編碼內容是什麼?What is Coded by M1 Neurons?
- Edward Everets (1960's) 所引介的實驗協定的突破Breakthrough with experimental protocol introduced by Edward Everets (1960's)
- 有關負載的M1神經元編碼——早期故事M1 neurons code for load - early story
- 運動方向的M1神經元進行群編碼(Georgopoulos實驗)M1 neurons have a population code for direction of movement (Georgopoulos experiments)
- 群向量Population vectors
M1地圖/表徵是高度可塑性的M1 Map/Representation is Highly Plastic.
M1神經元反應不僅僅與相應的肌肉EMG活動有關What M1 Neurons Respond to is not Simply Related to Corresponding Muscle EMG Activity.
不同皮層區域特化成支配不同運動的假說The Hypothesis that Different Motor Cortical Areas Specialize in Different Aspects of Movement.
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「簡單」運動"Simple" movements
- 順序性運動Sequential movements
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假想運動Imagined movements