以下所列出的閱讀材料是本課程的基礎。如果有論文摘要的話，點擊鏈結 可看到。下列這份閱讀清單是由腦與認知科學系所編輯的，而非課程導師所列。
The readings listed below are the foundation of this course. Where available, journal article abstracts from PubMed (an online database providing access to citations from biomedical literature) are included. This list has been compiled by the Department of Brain and Cognitive Sciences, not the course instructor.

A：認知科學基礎
A: Foundations of Cognitive Science

Pinker, S. ，《心智運作？》，1997，第1-3章，第4章的部分。

Pinker, S. Pinker, S. How the Mind Works. 1997, Chapters 1-3, and part of Chapter 4. 1997, Chapters 1-3, and part of Chapter 4.

討論論文：
Papers to be presented/discussed:

Bouchard, T.J. 〈基因、環境、個性〉，《科學》，264，（1994）：1700-1701。
Bouchard, T.J. Jr. "Genes, environment, personality." In Science 264, (1994): 1700-1701.

Daly, M., and M. Wilson，〈影像的神經基礎〉，《自然評論神經科學》，2，（2001）：635-642。
Daly, M., and M. Wilson. The truth about Cinderella. Yale University Press, 1999.

Kosslyn, S.M. "Neural foundations of imagery." In Nature Reviews Neuroscience 2, (2001): 635-642.

Turkheimer, E，〈行為基因的三項法則和背後的意義〉，《當代心理科學研究方向》9（5），（2000）：160-164。
Turkheimer, E. "Three laws of behavioral genetics and what they mean." In Current Directions in Psychological Science 9(5), (2000): 160-164.

Adelson, E.H., and J.R. Bergen，〈全光功能和早期視覺元素〉，《視覺處理的計算模式》，M.S. Landy 和J.A. Movshon編，劍橋，MA: 麻省理工學院出版社。
Adelson, E.H., and J.R. Bergen. "The plenoptic function and the elements of early vision." In Computational models of visual processing. Edited by M.S. Landy and J.A. Movshon. Cambridge, MA: MIT Press.

D．Mar，〈視覺〉，《人類表述和資訊處理的計算性研究》，Freeman：San Francisco，第1，2章。
D. Marr. "Vision." In A computational investigation into the human representation and processing of information. Freeman: San Francisco, Chapters 1 & 2.

Driver.J，〈上世紀選擇注意研究文選〉，《英國心理期刊》，92，部分1（2001），53-78。
Driver J. "A selective review of selective attention research from the past century." In British Journal of Psychology 92 Part 1 (2001): 53-78.

He, Z.J., and K. Nakayama，〈三維空間中表面視覺注意〉，《美國國家科學院學報》，92(24)， (1995年11月21日): 11155-9。
He, Z.J., and K. Nakayama. "Visual attention to surfaces in three-dimensional space." In Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 92(24) (November 21, 1995): 11155-9.

PubMed abstract: Although attention plays a significant role in vision, its spatial deployment and spread in the third dimension is not well understood. In visual search experiments we show that we cannot easily focus attention across isodepth loci unless they are part of a well-formed surface with locally coplanar elements. Yet we can easily spread our attention selectively across well-formed surfaces that span an extreme range of stereoscopic depths. In cueing experiments, we show that this spread of attention is, in part, obligatory. Attentional selectivity is reduced when targets and distractors are coplanar with or rest on a common receding stereoscopic plane. We conclude that attention cannot be efficiently allocated to arbitrary depths and extents in space but is linked to and spreads automatically across perceived surfaces.

Kanwisher N, and E. Wojciulik，〈視覺注意：來自大腦成像的洞察力〉，《自然神經科學評論》，1（2），（2000，11月）：91-100。
Kanwisher N, and E. Wojciulik. "Visual attention: insights from brain imaging." In Nature Reviews Neuroscience 1(2) (November, 2000): 91-100.

PubMed abstract: We are not passive recipients of the information that impinges on our retinae, but active participants in our own perceptual processes. Visual experience depends critically on attention. We select particular aspects of a visual scene for detailed analysis and control of subsequent behaviour, but ignore other aspects so completely that moments after they disappear from view we cannot report anything about them. Here we show that functional neuroimaging is revealing much more than where attention happens in the brain; it is beginning to answer some of the oldest and deepest questions about what visual attention is and how it works.

Nakayama, K., Z.J. He, and S. Shimojo，〈視覺表面表述：低級視覺與高級視覺的重要聯繫〉，《視覺認知》，D.N. Osherson編 ，劍橋，麻省理工學院出版社，1995，1-70。
Nakayama, K., Z.J. He, and S. Shimojo. "Visual surface representations: A critical link between lowerlevel and higher-level vision." In Visual cognition. Edited by D.N. Osherson. Cambridge: MIT Press, 1995, 1-70.

Ress D, B.T. Backus, and D.J. Heeger，〈在視覺探察過程中，主要的視覺皮質預測行為〉，《自然神經科學》，3（9），（2000，9月）：940-5。
Ress D, B.T. Backus, and D.J. Heeger. "Activity in primary visual cortex predicts performance in a visual detection task." In Nat Neurosci 3(9) (September, 2000): 940-5.

PubMed abstract: Visual attention can affect both neural activity and behavior in humans. To quantify possible links between the two, we measured activity in early visual cortex (V1, V2 and V3) during a challenging pattern-detection task. Activity was dominated by a large response that was independent of the presence or absence of the stimulus pattern. The measured activity quantitatively predicted the subject's pattern-detection performance: when activity was greater, the subject was more likely to correctly discern the presence or absence of the pattern. This stimulus-independent activity had several characteristics of visual attention, suggesting that attentional mechanisms modulate activity in early visual cortex, and that this attention-related activity strongly influences performance.

Wandell, B，《視覺基礎的活動與深度》，MA: Sinauer Associates,1995，第1章。
Wandell, B. Motion and depth in foundations of vision. MA: Sinauer Associates, 1995, Chapter 1.

Dill M, S. Edelman，〈複合型體辨識力中物體翻譯不完美的不變性〉，《認知》，30（6），（2001）：707-24。
Dill M, S. Edelman. "Imperfect invariance to object translation in the discrimination of complex shapes." In Perception 30(6), (2001): 707-24.

PubMed abstract: The positional specificity of short-term visual memory for a variety of 3-D shapes was investigated in a series of 'same'/'different' discrimination experiments, with computer-rendered stimuli displayed either at the same or at different locations in the visual field. For animal-like shapes, we found complete translation invariance, regardless of the interstimulus similarity, and irrespective of direction and size of the displacement (experiments 1 and 2). Invariance to translation was obtained also with animal-like stimuli that had been 'scrambled' by randomizing the relative locations of their parts (experiment 3). The invariance broke down when the stimuli were made to differ in their composition, but not in the shapes of the corresponding parts (experiments 4 and 5). We interpret this pattern of findings in the context of several current theories of recognition, focusing in particular on the issue of the representation of object structure.

Fraba，M，《視覺的認知性神經科學》，2000，第5章。
Farah, M. The cognitive neuroscience of vision. 2000, Chapter 5.

Kanwisher，N，〈人類的腹面神經通路的功能性組織〉，2002。
Kanwisher, N. "Functional organization of the ventral visual pathway in humans." 2002.

Lerner Y, T. Hendler, D. Ben-Bashat, M. Harel, and R. Malach ，〈人類視覺皮質中物體處理階段的分級軸〉，《大腦皮質》，11（4），（2001）：287-97。
Lerner Y, T. Hendler, D. Ben-Bashat, M. Harel, and R. Malach. "A hierarchical axis of object processing stages in the human visual cortex." In Cerebral Cortex 11(4), (2001): 287-97.

PubMed abstract: How are objects represented in the human visual cortex? Two conflicting theories suggest either a holistic representation, in which objects are represented by a collection of object templates, or a part-based representation, in which objects are represented as collections of features or object parts. We studied this question using a gradual object-scrambling paradigm in which pictures of objects (faces and cars) were broken in a stepwise manner into an increasing number of blocks. Our results reveal a hierarchical axis oriented anterior--posteriorly in the organization of ventral object-areas. Along this axis, representations are arranged in bands of increasing sensitivity to image scrambling. The axis starts in early visual areas through retinotopic areas V4/V8 and continues into the lateral-occipital sulcus dorsally and the posterior fusiform girus ventrally, corresponding together to the previously described object-related lateral occipital complex (LOC). Regions showing the highest sensitivity to scrambling tended to be located at the most anterior-lateral regions of the complex. In these more anterior regions, breaking the images into 16 parts produced a significant reduction in activation. Interestingly, activation was not affected when images were cut in two halves, either horizontally or vertically. Car images generally produced a weaker activation compared to faces in the lateral occipital complex but showed the same tendency of increased scrambling sensitivity along the anterior--posterior axis. These results suggest the existence of a hierarchical axis along ventral occipito-temporal object-areas, in which the neuronal properties shift from sensitivity to local object features to a more global and holistic representation.

Moscovitch, M., G. Winocur, and M. Behrmann，〈面容的特點？一位元患有物體認識不能和閱讀困難症但面容認知正常的患者的19項試驗〉，《認知神經科學期刊》，9，（1997）：555-604。
Moscovitch, M., G. Winocur, and M. Behrmann. "What is special about face recognition? Nineteen experiments on a person with visual object agnosia and dyslexia but normal face recognition." In Journal of Cognitive Neuroscience 9, (1997): 555-604.

Tanaka.K，〈猴子的視覺物體認知機制〉，《空間視覺》，13，（2000）：147-163。
Tanaka, K. "Mechanisms of visual object recognition studied in monkeys." In Spatial Vision 13, (2000): 147-163.

PubMed abstract: Cells in area TE of the inferotemporal cortex of the monkey brain selectively respond to various moderately complex object-features, and those responding to similar features cluster in a columnar region elongated vertical to the cortical surface. Although cells within a column respond to similar features, their selectivity is not identical. The data of optical imaging in TE have suggested that the borders between neighboring columns are not discrete but columns representing related features overlap one another. We have also found, by training adult monkeys for discrimination of a specific set of shapes, that such a long-term training increases the proportion of TE cells responding to the shapes used in the training even in the adult. The data suggested that TE plays important roles in discrimination of complex shapes and in visual expert learning of discriminating a certain class of objects in the adult.

Ullman, S., and S. Soloviev，〈類大腦結構的計算模式不變性〉，《神經網路》，12（7-8），（1999）：1021-1036。
Ullman, S., and S. Soloviev. "Computation of pattern invariance in brain-like structures." In Neural Networks 12 (7-8), (1999): 1021-1036.

PubMed abstract: A fundamental capacity of the perceptual systems and the brain in general is to deal with the novel and the unexpected. In vision, we can effortlessly recognize a familiar object under novel viewing conditions, or recognize a new object as a member of a familiar class, such as a house, a face, or a car. This ability to generalize and deal efficiently with novel stimuli has long been considered a challenging example of brain-like computation that proved extremely difficult to replicate in artificial systems. In this paper we present an approach to generalization and invariant recognition. We focus our discussion on the problem of invariance to position in the visual field, but also sketch how similar principles could apply to other domains.The approach is based on the use of a large repertoire of partial generalizations that are built upon past experience. In the case of shift invariance, visual patterns are described as the conjunction of multiple overlapping image fragments. The invariance to the more primitive fragments is built into the system by past experience. Shift invariance of complex shapes is obtained from the invariance of their constituent fragments. We study by simulations aspects of this shift invariance method and then consider its extensions to invariant perception and classification by brain-like structures.

Ullman, Shimon，〈物體認知〉，《高等視覺》，麻省理工學院出版社，1996，第1，2章。
Ullman, Shimon. "Object recognition." In High-level vision. MIT Press, 1996, Chapters 1 and 2.

Desimone, R., and J. Duncan，〈選擇性視覺注意的神經機制〉，《神經科學年度評論》，18，（1995）：193-222。
Desimone, R., and J. Duncan. "Neural mechanisms of selective visual attention." In Annual Review of Neuroscience 18, (1995): 193-222.

Miller, E.K., and J.D. Cohen，〈額葉前部皮質功能的整體理論〉，《神經科學年度評論》，24，（2001）：167-202。
Miller, E.K., and J.D. Cohen. "An integrative theory of prefrontal cortex function." In Annual Review of Neuroscience 24, (2001): 167-202.

PubMed abstract: The prefrontal cortex has long been suspected to play an important role in cognitive control, in the ability to orchestrate thought and action in accordance with internal goals. Its neural basis, however, has remained a mystery. Here, we propose that cognitive control stems from the active maintenance of patterns of activity in the prefrontal cortex that represent goals and the means to achieve them. They provide bias signals to other brain structures whose net effect is to guide the flow of activity along neural pathways that establish the proper mappings between inputs, internal states, and outputs needed to perform a given task. We review neurophysiological, neurobiological, neuroimaging, and computational studies that support this theory and discuss its implications as well as further issues to be addressed.

Miller, E.K., and Wallis (複印中)，〈意志和額葉前部皮質〉，《視覺神經科學》 L.M. Chalupa, and J.S. Werner編，麻省理工學院出版社。
Miller, E.K., and Wallis (in press). "Volition and the prefrontal cortex." In The Vision Neurosciences. Edited by L.M. Chalupa, and J.S. Werner. MIT Press.

Rainer, G., S.C. Rao, and E.K. Miller，〈在靈長動物額葉前部大腦皮質中物體的預期編碼〉，《神經科學期刊》，19，（1999）：5493-5505。
Rainer, G., S.C. Rao, and E.K. Miller. "Prospective coding for objects in the primate prefrontal cortex." In Journal of Neuroscience 19, (1999): 5493-5505.

PubMed abstract: We examined neural activity in prefrontal (PF) cortex of monkeys performing a delayed paired associate task. Monkeys were cued with a sample object. Then, after a delay, a test object was presented. If the test object was the object associated with the sample during training (i.e., its target), they had to release a lever. Monkeys could bridge the delay by remembering the sample (a sensory-related code) and/or thinking ahead to the expected target (a prospective code). Examination of the monkeys' behavior suggested that they were relying on a prospective code. During and shortly after sample presentation, neural activity in the lateral PF cortex primarily reflected the sample. Toward the end of the delay, however, PF activity began to reflect the anticipated target, which indicated a prospective code. These results provide further confirmation that PF cortex does not simply buffer incoming visual inputs, but instead selectively processes information relevant to current behavioral demands, even when this information must be recalled from long-term memory.

Tomita, H., M. Ohbayashi, K. Nakahara, I. Hasegawa, and Y. Miyashita，〈記憶恢復的執行控制中來自額葉前部大腦皮質由上而下的訊息〉，《自然》401，（6754），（1999）：699-703。
Tomita, H., M. Ohbayashi, K. Nakahara, I. Hasegawa, and Y. Miyashita. "Top-down signal from prefrontal cortex in executive control of memory retrieval." In Nature 401 (6754), (1999): 699-703.

PubMed abstract: Knowledge or experience is voluntarily recalled from memory by reactivation of the neural representations in the cerebral association cortex. In inferior temporal cortex, which serves as the storehouse of visual long-term memory, activation of mnemonic engrams through electric stimulation results in imagery recall in humans, and neurons can be dynamically activated by the necessity for memory recall in monkeys. Neuropsychological studies and previous split-brain experiments predicted that prefrontal cortex exerts executive control upon inferior temporal cortex in memory retrieval; however, no neuronal correlate of this process has ever been detected. Here we show evidence of the top-down signal from prefrontal cortex. In the absence of bottom-up visual inputs, single inferior temporal neurons were activated by the top-down signal, which conveyed information on semantic categorization imposed by visual stimulus-stimulus association. Behavioural performance was severely impaired with loss of the top-down signal. Control experiments confirmed that the signal was transmitted not through a subcortical but through a fronto-temporal cortical pathway. Thus, feedback projections from prefrontal cortex to the posterior association cortex appear to serve the executive control of voluntary recall.

Baddeley，A，〈工作記憶的近期發展〉，《神經生物學的現代觀點》，8，（1998）：234-238。
Baddeley, A. "Recent developments in working memory." In Current Opinion in Neurobiology 8, (1998): 234-238.

PubMed abstract: Research on the visual and verbal subsystems of working memory has shown vigorous development, with PET, fMRI and behavioral data all supporting separate systems, with further fractionation being likely. Analysis of executive processes is revealing a range of subprocesses, providing a very fruitful field for the interaction of cognitive psychology, neuropsychology and functional imaging.

Brown, M.W., and J.P. Aggleton，〈認知記憶:鼻周皮質周圍皮質??和海馬回的作用？〉，《自然神經科學評論》，2（1），（2001）：51-61。
Brown, M.W., and J.P. Aggleton. "Recognition memory: What are the roles of the perirhinal cortex and hippocampus?" In Nature Reviews Neuroscience 2(1), (2001): 51-61.

PubMed abstract: The hallmark of medial temporal lobe amnesia is a loss of episodic memory such that patients fail to remember new events that are set in an autobiographical context (an episode). A further symptom is a loss of recognition memory. The relationship between these two features has recently become contentious. Here, we focus on the central issue in this dispute--the relative contributions of the hippocampus and the perirhinal cortex to recognition memory. A resolution is vital not only for uncovering the neural substrates of these key aspects of memory, but also for understanding the processes disrupted in medial temporal lobe amnesia and the validity of animal models of this syndrome.

Eldridge, L.L., B.J. Knowlton, C.S. Furmanski, S.Y. Bookheimer , and S.A. Engel，〈記憶事件：海馬在重現中記憶回覆(不同)的選擇性作用〉，《自然神經科學》3，（2000）：1149-1152。
Eldridge, L.L., B.J. Knowlton, C.S. Furmanski, S.Y. Bookheimer , and S.A. Engel. "Remembering episodes: A selective role for the hippocampus during retrieval." In Nature Neuroscience 3, (2000): 1149-1152.

PubMed abstract: Some memories are linked to a specific time and place, allowing one to re-experience the original event, whereas others are accompanied only by a feeling of familiarity. To uncover the distinct neural bases for these two types of memory, we measured brain activity during memory retrieval using event-related functional magnetic resonance imaging. We show that activity in the hippocampus increased only when retrieval was accompanied by conscious recollection of the learning episode. Hippocampal activity did not increase for items recognized based on familiarity or for unrecognized items. These results indicate that the hippocampus selectively supports the retrieval of episodic memories.

Gabrieli，J，D，〈人類記憶的認知神經科學〉，《心理學年度評論》，49，（1998）：87-115。
Gabrieli, J.D. "Cognitive neuroscience of human memory." In Annual Review of Psychology 49, (1998): 87-115.

PubMed abstract: Current knowledge is summarized about long-term memory systems of the human brain, with memory systems defined as specific neural networks that support specific mnemonic processes. The summary integrates convergent evidence from neuropsychological studies of patients with brain lesions and from functional neuroimaging studies using positron emission tomography (PET) or functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI). Evidence is reviewed about the specific roles of hippocampal and parahippocampal regions, the amygdala, the basal ganglia, and various neocortical areas in declarative memory. Evidence is also reviewed about which brain regions mediate specific kinds of procedural memory, including sensorimotor, perceptual, and cognitive skill learning; perceptual and conceptual repetition priming; and several forms of conditioning. Findings are discussed in terms of the functional neural architecture of normal memory, age-related changes in memory performance, and neurological conditions that affect memory such as amnesia. Alzheimer's disease, Parkinson's disease, and Huntington's disease.

Wagner, A.D., A. Maril, and D.L. Schacter，〈記憶形式間的相互作用：何時啟動阻礙新認知〉，《認知神經科學期刊》，12：S2，（2000）：52-60。
Wagner, A.D., A. Maril, and D.L. Schacter. "Interactions between forms of memory: When priming hinders new learning." In Journal of Cognitive Neuroscience 12: S2, (2000): 52-60.

Wagner, A.D., E.J. Paré-Blagoev, J. Clark, and R.A. Poldrack，〈恢復意義：左額葉前部皮質引導可控的語義再現〉，《神經元》，31，（2001）：329-388。
Wagner, A.D., E.J. Paré-Blagoev, J. Clark, and R.A. Poldrack. "Recovering meaning: Left prefrontal cortex guides controlled semantic retrieval." In Neuron 31, (2001): 329-338.

PubMed abstract: Prefrontal cortex plays a central role in mnemonic control, with left inferior prefrontal cortex (LIPC) mediating control of semantic knowledge. One prominent theory posits that LIPC does not mediate semantic retrieval per se, but rather subserves the selection of task-relevant knowledge from amidst competing knowledge. The present event-related fMRI study provides evidence for an alternative hypothesis: LIPC guides controlled semantic retrieval irrespective of whether retrieval requires selection against competing representations. With selection demands held constant, LIPC activation increased with semantic retrieval demands and with the level of control required during retrieval. LIPC mediates a top-down bias signal that is recruited to the extent that the recovery of meaning demands controlled retrieval. Selection may reflect a specific instantiation of this mechanism.

Wiggs, C.L., and A. Martin，〈感知啟動的屬性和機制〉，《神經生物學的當代觀點》，8，（1998）：227-233。
Wiggs, C.L., and A. Martin. "Properties and mechanisms of perceptual priming." In Current Opinion in Neurobiology 8, (1998): 227-233.

PubMed abstract: Recent evidence suggests that the behavioral phenomenon of perceptual priming and the physiological finding of decreased neural responses with item repetition have similar properties. Both the behavioral and neurophysiological effects show graded changes with multiple repetition, are resistant to manipulations of particular stimulus attributes (e.g. size and location), and occur independently of awareness. These and other recent findings (e.g. from functional brain imaging in humans) suggest that perceptual priming may be mediated by decreased neural responses associated with perceptual learning.

Anderson, J.R., and L.J. Schooler，〈記憶中對環境的反映〉，《心理科學》2，（1991）：396-408。
Anderson, J.R., and L.J. Schooler. "Reflections of the environment in memory." In Psychological Science 2, (1991): 396-408.

Anderson, J. R.，〈分類〉，《思維的適應特徵》， Hillsdale, NJ: Erlbaum， 1990, 第3章。
Anderson, J. R. "Categorization." In The adaptive character of thought. Hillsdale, NJ: Erlbaum, 1990, Chapter 3.

Chater, N., and M. Oaksford，〈十年認知理性分析〉，《認知科學趨勢》，3，（1999）：57-65。
Chater, N., and M. Oaksford. "Ten years of the rational analysis of cognition." In Trends in Cognitive Science 3, (1999): 57-65.

PubMed abstract: Rational analysis is an empirical program that attempts to explain the function and purpose of cognitive processes. This article looks back on a decade of research outlining the rational analysis methodology and how the approach relates to other work in cognitive science. We illustrate rational analysis by considering how it has been applied to memory and reasoning. From the perspective of traditional cognitive science, the cognitive system can appear to be a rather arbitrary assortment of mechanisms with equally arbitrary limitations. In contrast, rational analysis views cognition as intricately adapted to its environment and to the problems it faces.

Gluck, M., and G. Bower，〈從條件到分類學習：適應性網路模式〉，《試驗心理學期刊：普通》，117，（1988）：227-247。
Gluck, M., and G. Bower. "From conditioning to category learning: An adaptive network model." In Journal of Experimental Psychology: General 117, (1988): 227-247.

PubMed abstract: We used adaptive network theory to extend the Rescorla-Wagner (1972) least mean squares (LMS) model of associative learning to phenomena of human learning and judgment. In three experiments subjects learned to categorize hypothetical patients with particular symptom patterns as having certain diseases. When one disease is far more likely than another, the model predicts that subjects will substantially overestimate the diagnosticity of the more valid symptom for the rare disease. The results of Experiments 1 and 2 provide clear support for this prediction in contradistinction to predictions from probability matching, exemplar retrieval, or simple prototype learning models. Experiment 3 contrasted the adaptive network model with one predicting pattern-probability matching when patients always had four symptoms (chosen from four opponent pairs) rather than the presence or absence of each of four symptoms, as in Experiment 1. The results again support the Rescorla-Wagner LMS learning rule as embedded within an adaptive network model.

Oaksford, M., and N. Chater，〈以選擇性任務的理性分析作為最佳資料篩選〉，《心理評論》 ，101，（1994）：608-631。
Oaksford, M., and N. Chater. "A rational analysis of the selection task as optimal data selection." In Psychological Review 101, (1994): 608-631.

Shepard, R. N. ，〈心理科學邁向普遍性的理論〉，《科學》，237，（1987）：1317-1323。
Shepard, R. N. "Towards a universal theory of generalization for psychological science." In Science 237, (1987): 1317-1323.

PubMed abstract: A psychological space is established for any set of stimuli by determining metric distances between the stimuli such that the probability that a response learned to any stimulus will generalize to any other is an invariant monotonic function of the distance between them. To a good approximation, this probability of generalization (i) decays exponentially with this distance, and (ii) does so in accordance with one of two metrics, depending on the relation between the dimensions along which the stimuli vary. These empirical regularities are mathematically derivable from universal principles of natural kinds and probabilistic geometry that may, through evolutionary internalization, tend to govern the behaviors of all sentient organisms.

Tenenbaum, J. B., and F. Xu.，〈Bayesian推論的文字學習〉，《第22屆認知科學協會會議論文集》，2000。
Tenenbaum, J. B., and F. Xu. "Word learning as Bayesian inference." In Proceedings of the Twenty-Second Conference of the Cognitive Science Society. 2000.

Tenenbaum, J.B., and T.L. Griffiths， 〈描述的理性基礎〉，《第22屆認知科學協會會議論文集》，2001。
Tenenbaum, J.B., and T.L. Griffiths. "The rational basis of representativeness." In Proceedings of the Twenty-Third Conference of the Cognitive Science Society. 2001.

Tenenbaum, J.B. ，〈概念學習的規則和相似性〉，《神經資訊處理的進步》，2000。
Tenenbaum, J.B. "Rules and similarity in concept learning." In Advances in Neural Information Processing. 2000.

Tversky, and D. Kahneman，〈可能性推論〉，（1974/1983），《哲學與認知科學的讀物》，由A.Goldman編輯. Cambridge, MA: MIT 出版社, 1993, 43-68。
Tversky, and D. Kahneman. "Probabilistic reasoning." (1974/1983) In Readings in philosophy and cognitive science. Edited by A.Goldman. Cambridge, MA: MIT Press, 1993, 43-68.

Tversky，〈相似性的特徵〉，《心理評論》，84，（1997）：327-352。
Tversky. "Features of similarity." In Psychological Review 84, (1977): 327-352.

Boroditsky, L.(複印中)，〈不僅是語法上的性別：語法性別對語意的影響〉，《語言和思維的進展》，Gentner & Goldin-Meadow編輯。
Boroditsky, L. (in press). "Not-just-grammatical gender: Effects of grammatical gender on meaning." In Advances in language and thought. Edited by Gentner & Goldin-Meadow.

Bowerman, M., and S. Choi，〈塑造語言意義：學習普遍及特定語言的空間語義分類〉，《語言習得和概念發展》，M. Bowerman, and S. Levinson編輯，2001，215-256。
Bowerman, M., and S. Choi. "Shaping meanings for language: Universal and language-specific in the acquisition of spatial semantic categories." In Language acquisition and conceptual development. Edited by M. Bowerman, and S. Levinson. 2001, 215-256.

Gentner, D., and A.B. Markman，〈類比和相似性的結構繪圖〉，《思維閱讀》，P. Thagard. Cambridge編輯，劍橋：麻省理工學院出版，1998.127-156。
Gentner, D., and A.B. Markman. "Structure mapping in analogy and similarity." In Mind Readings. Edited by P. Thagard. Cambridge: MIT Press, 1998, 127-156.

Goldstone, R.L., and A. Kersten ，(複印中)，〈概念和類別〉，《心理綜合手冊，第4卷：實驗心理學》， A. F. Healy and R.W. Proctor編輯. New York: Wiley。
Goldstone, R.L., and A. Kersten (in press). "Concepts and categories." In Comprehensive handbook of psychology, Volume 4: Experimental psychology. Edited by A. F. Healy and R.W. Proctor. New York: Wiley.

Pullum, Geoffrey K，〈大愛斯基摩辭彙騙局〉，《大愛斯基摩辭彙騙局，和其他不受尊敬的語言研究文章》，芝加哥大學出版社，1991。
Pullum, Geoffrey K. "The Great Eskimo Vocabulary Hoax." In The Great Eskimo Vocabulary Hoax, and other irreverent essays on the study of language. University of Chicago Press, 1991.

討論論文：
Papers to be presented/discussed:

Landauer, T. K., and S.T. Dumais，〈解決柏拉圖問題：習得、歸納和演繹的潛在語義分析理論〉，《心理學評論》，104，（1997）：211-240。
Landauer, T. K., and S.T. Dumais. "A solution to Plato's problem: The Latent Semantic Analysis theory of the acquisition, induction, and representation of knowledge." In Psychological Review 104, (1997): 211-240.

Ramscar, M.J.A，〈Wittgenstein和心理分類的表述〉，《相似性和分類：SimCat97》，愛丁堡大學，人工智慧系，1997，205-11。
Ramscar, M.J.A. "Wittgenstein and the representation of psychological categories." In Similarity andcategorisation: SimCat 97, Dept of Artificial Intelligence, University of Edinburgh. 1997, 205-11.

Cowper, E.A，《句法理論的簡明介紹：管轄約束方法》，芝加哥，倫敦：芝加哥大學出版社，1992，1-24，48-56，66-70，71-88，89-94。
Cowper, E.A. A concise introduction to syntactic theory: The Government-Binding Approach. Chicago, London: University of Chicago Press, 1992, 1-24, 48-56, 66-70, 71- 88, 89-94.

Gold, E.M. ，〈語言識別局限性〉，《資訊和控制》，10，（1967）：447。
Gold, E.M. "Language identification in the limit." In Information and Control 10, (1967): 447.

Guasti, M.T. ，〈句法學的出現，取自Guasti的文章〉，《語言習得：語法的發展》第4章，麻省理工出版社（注意：這是一篇大學部的論文，如沒有語言學基礎的人覺得比較難，那麼請考慮下面的Waxler1994），2002。
Guasti, M.T. Chapter 4: "The emergence of syntax, from the text by Guasti." In Language Acquisition:TheGrowth of Grammar. MIT Press (Note: this is supposed to be an undergrad text. If it turns out to be a bit difficult for those without linguistic backgrounds, consider Wexler 1994 below), 2002.

Hyams, N., and K. Wexler，〈兒童語言中的無效主語的語法基礎〉，《語言探索》，24（3），（1993）：421-459。
Hyams, N., and K. Wexler. "On the grammatical basis of null subjects in child language." In LinguisticInquiry 24(3), (1993): 421-459.

Newport, Elissa L., Gleitman, Henry, and A. Lila，〈媽媽，我想自己做：有影響和無影響的母親說話方式〉，《和孩子們談話：語言的輸入與習得》，Snow and Ferguson.編輯，英國，劍橋，劍橋大學出版社，1979，109-149。
Newport, Elissa L., Gleitman, Henry, and A. Lila. "Mother, I'd rather do it myself: some effects and non-effects of maternal speech style." In Talking to children: Language input andacquisition. Edited by Snow and Ferguson. Cambridge, UK: Cambridge University Press, 1979, 109-149.

Rice, M.L., K. Wexler, and S. Hershberger，〈時間的時態：有特殊語言損傷缺失??的兒童中，習得時態的縱向課程〉，《演講說化，語言，聽覺研究期刊》，41，（1998）：1412-1431。
Rice, M.L., K. Wexler, and S. Hershberger. "Tense over time: The longitudinal course of tense acquisition in Children with Specific Language Impairment." In Journal of Speech, Language and Hearing Research 41, (1998): 1412-1431.

PubMed abstract: Tense marking in English is relatively late appearing and is especially late for children with Specific Language Impairment (SLI). Little is known about the full course of acquisition for this set of morphemes. Because tense marking is a fundamental property of clause construction, it is central to current theories of morphosyntax and language acquisition. A longitudinal study is reported that encompasses the years of 2;6-8;9 years for typically developing children (N = 43) and 4;6-8;8 years for children with SLI (N = 21). The findings show that a diverse set of morphemes share the property of tense marking; that this set is not mastered until age 4 years in typically developing children and after 7 years for children with SLI; that acquisition shows linear and nonlinear components for both groups, in a typical S-shaped curve; and that nonsyntactic measures are not predictors of growth (including nonverbal intelligence, vocabulary size, and mother's education), whereas initial MLU does predict rate of acquisition. The findings are consistent with a model of Optional Infinitives (OI) for typically developing children (cf. Wexler, 1994, 1996) and Extended Optional Infinitives (EOI) for children with SLI. This model hypothesizes incomplete specification of features of tense that are represented in the grammar.

Bloom, P，〈兒童語言中的無主句〉，《語言探索》，21（4），（1990）：491-504。
Bloom, P. "Subjectless sentences in child language." In Linguistic Inquiry 21(4), (1990): 491-504.

Rice, M. L., and K. Wexler，〈時態作為講英語的兒童的特殊語言損傷的臨床標誌〉，《演講和聽覺研究期刊》，38，（1996），1239-1257。
Rice, M. L., and K. Wexler. "Toward tense as a clinical marker of Specific Language Impairment in English-speaking children." In Journal of Speech and Hearing Research 38, (1996): 1239-1257.

PubMed abstract: Tense marking in English is relatively late appearing and is especially late for children with Specific Language Impairment (SLI). Little is known about the full course of acquisition for this set of morphemes. Because tense marking is a fundamental property of clause construction, it is central to current theories of morphosyntax and language acquisition. A longitudinal study is reported that encompasses the years of 2;6-8;9 years for typically developing children (N = 43) and 4;6-8;8 years for children with SLI (N = 21). The findings show that a diverse set of morphemes share the property of tense marking; that this set is not mastered until age 4 years in typically developing children and after 7 years for children with SLI; that acquisition shows linear and nonlinear components for both groups, in a typical S-shaped curve; and that nonsyntactic measures are not predictors of growth (including nonverbal intelligence, vocabulary size, and mother's education), whereas initial MLU does predict rate of acquisition. The findings are consistent with a model of Optional Infinitives (OI) for typically developing children (cf. Wexler, 1994, 1996) and Extended Optional Infinitives (EOI) for children with SLI. This model hypothesizes incomplete specification of features of tense that are represented in the grammar.

Schütze, Carson T., and Kenneth Wexler，〈主格允許和英語詞根不定式〉，《BUCLD20會議論文集》，A. Stringfellow等人編輯. Somerville, MA: Cascadilla Press， 1996, 670-681。
Schütze, Carson T., and Kenneth Wexler. "Subject Case Licensing and English Root Infinitives." In BUCLD 20 Proceedings. Edited by A. Stringfellow et al. Somerville, MA: Cascadilla Press. 1996, 670-681.

Wexler, K., and P.W. Culicover，〈語言習得的形式準則〉，劍橋，MA，MIT出版社1980，60-84。
Wexler, K., and P.W. Culicover. Formal Principles of Language Acquisition. Cambridge, MA: MIT Press, 1980, 60-84.

Wexler, Kenneth，(複印中)〈Lenneberg的夢：學習，一般語言發展與特殊語言缺陷〉，《人群語言能力：特殊語言損傷的定義》，J. Schaffer and Y. Levy. Erlbaum編輯。
Wexler, Kenneth. (in press). "Lenneberg's Dream: learning, normal language development and specific language impairment." In Language competence across populations: Towards adefinition of specific language impairment. Edited by J. Schaffer and Y. Levy. Erlbaum.

Wexler, Kenneth，〈可選擇的不定式、 中心詞的位置和派生體系〉，《動詞活動》，Lightfoot and Hornstein.編輯，劍橋大學出版社，1994，305-350。
Wexler, Kenneth. "Optional infinitives, head movement and the economy of derivations." In Verb movement. Edited by Lightfoot and Hornstein. Cambridge University Press, 1994, 305-350.

Gibson, E., and N. Pearlmutter，〈語句理解的制約〉，《認知科學趨向》，2，（1998）：262-268。
Gibson, E., and N. Pearlmutter. "Constraints on sentence comprehension." In Trends in Cognitive Science 2, (1998): 262-268.

Gibson, E.，〈從屬位置理論：語言複雜性基於距離的理論〉，《影像，語言，大腦》，Y. Miyashita, A.Marantz, and W. O'Neil.編輯，劍橋, MA: MIT 出版社, 2000。
Gibson, E. "The dependency locality theory: A distance-based theory of linguistic complexity." In Image, language, brain. Edited by Y. Miyashita, A.Marantz, and W. O'Neil. Cambridge, MA: MIT Press, 2000.

Tanenhaus, M., M. Spivey-Knowlton, K. Eberhard., and J. Sedivy，〈口語理解中視覺和語言資訊的整合〉，《科學》，268，（1995）：1632-1634。
Tanenhaus, M., M. Spivey-Knowlton, K. Eberhard., and J. Sedivy. "Integration of visual and linguistic information in spoken language comprehension." In Science 268, (1995): 1632-1634.

PubMed abstract: Psycholinguists have commonly assumed that as a spoken linguistic message unfolds over time, it is initially structured by a syntactic processing module that is encapsulated from information provided by other perceptual and cognitive systems. To test the effects of relevant visual context on the rapid mental processes that accompany spoken language comprehension, eye movements were recorded with a head-mounted eye-tracking system while subjects followed instructions to manipulate real objects. Visual context influenced spoken word recognition and mediated syntactic processing, even during the earliest moments of language processing.

Tartter, V.C.，〈語言和一般處理〉，Thousand Oaks，CA：Sage，（1998），4，6，7章。
Tartter, V.C. Language and its normal processing. Thousand Oaks, CA: Sage, (1998), Chapters 4, 6, 7.

供學生閱讀和報告：
For students to read and present:

Caplan D., and G.S. Waters，〈口頭工作記憶和語句理解〉，《大腦和行為科學》22，（1999）：77-126。
Caplan D., and G.S. Waters. "Verbal working memory and sentence comprehension." In Brain and Behavioral Sciences 22, (1999): 77-126.

PubMed abstract: This target article discusses the verbal working memory system used in sentence comprehension. We review the concept of working memory as a short-duration system in which small amounts of information are simultaneously stored and manipulated in the service of accomplishing a task. We summarize the argument that syntactic processing in sentence comprehension requires such a storage and computational system. We then ask whether the working memory system used in syntactic processing is the same as that used in verbally mediated tasks that involve conscious controlled processing. Evidence is brought to bear from various sources: the relationship between individual differences in working memory and individual differences in the efficiency of syntactic processing; the effect of concurrent verbal memory load on syntactic processing; and syntactic processing in patients with poor short-term memory, patients with poor working memory, and patients with aphasia. Experimental results from these normal subjects and patients with various brain lesions converge on the conclusion that there is a specialization in the verbal working memory system for assigning the syntactic structure of a sentence and using that structure in determining sentence meaning that is separate from the working memory system underlying the use of sentence meaning to accomplish other functions. We present a theory of the divisions of the verbal working memory system and suggestions regarding its neural basis.

Trueswell, John C., Irina Sekerina, M. Hill Nicole, and L. Logrip Marian，〈幼稚園路徑效應：幼兒學習線上句子處理〉，《認知》，73，（1999）：89-134。
Trueswell, John C., Irina Sekerina, M. Hill Nicole, and L. Logrip Marian. "The kindergarten-path effect: studying on-line sentence processing in young children." In Cognition 73 , (1999): 89-134.

PubMed abstract: A great deal of psycholinguistic research has focused on the question of how adults interpret language in real time. This work has revealed a complex and interactive language processing system capable of rapidly coordinating linguistic properties of the message with information from the context or situation (e.g. Altmann & Steedman, 1988; Britt, 1994; Tanenhaus, Spivey-Knowlton, Eberhard & Sedivy, 1995; Trueswell & Tanenhaus, 1991). In the study of language acquisition, however, surprisingly little is known about how children process language in real time and whether they coordinate multiple sources of information during interpretation. The lack of child research is due in part to the fact that most existing techniques for studying language processing have relied upon the skill of reading, an ability that young children do not have or are only beginning to acquire. We present here results from a new method for studying children's moment-by-moment language processing abilities, in which a head-mounted eye-tracking system was used to monitor eye movements as participants responded to spoken instructions. The results revealed systematic differences in how children and adults process spoken language: Five Year Olds did not take into account relevant discourse/pragmatic principles when resolving temporary syntactic ambiguities, and showed little or no ability to revise initial parsing commitments. Adults showed sensitivity to these discourse constraints at the earliest possible stages of processing, and were capable of revising incorrect parsing commitments. Implications for current models of sentence processing are discussed.