以下是本課程所有作業要求，並附有一些有超連結的作業範例。

Below are all assignments from the course, along with links to a number of student samples.

作業一
Assignment 1

讀書心得報告：《疾病的隱喻》
Response Essay: On "Illness as Metaphor"

約2頁的討論，討論Susan Sontag在本書提出若干觀點。 因為作者在很多議題上都有強硬的立場，同學們應很容易就找到個人同意、反對的議題、或只作討論。作業篇幅不大，所以針對作者的主張，試著保持一致的論點。

Write a brief essay of about two pages discussing some aspect of Susan Sontag's Illness as Metaphor. It should not be hard to find something to agree or disagree with or to otherwise discuss, since Sontag takes strong positions on a number of issues. In the very limited space available to you, try to make a fairly coherent argument about Sontag's claims.

請於第二堂課前交出，逾期不收。

Due in class on Lecture 2, no exceptions.


作業二
Assignment 2

蒐集比喻修辭
Trope Quick-pick

針對一到二個主題收集相關比喻辭彙。其中隱喻、換喻與提喻法各要有5個例子。（1頁）

Collect a set of tropes concerned with one or two subjects. Give five examples each of metaphor, metonym, and synecdoche. (1 page)

第六堂課繳交。

Due on Lecture 6.

作業三
Assignment 3

短文改寫
Essay With Rewrite

寫出幾點對人類學象徵研究的看法，議題可大可小，需使用讀物中的例子來說明你的論述。你可以縮小範圍到只針對一篇或少數幾篇文章，但必須要用於探討更大的理論議題。（4頁，最多5頁，使用2倍行距，正常字體）

Write an essay (approximately 4 pages, maximum of 5, double-spaced, normal font) on some aspect of the anthropological study of symbolism. In the essay, you can encompass a large topic or focus in on one narrow but significant point. Use examples from the readings to illustrate your argument. You may zero in on one or a few of the readings, but only if you use them to illustrate some larger discussion of a theoretical issue.

比喻修辭與象徵主義的原本內容，是截至目前讀物與課堂討論的二個重點。你可以以修辭的重要性為題作廣泛性討論的文章，但是討論比喻理論中一個或多個問題可能會更有趣。同樣地，你也可以比較兩個以上象徵主義的範疇，或檢視其中之一，亦或思考關於動物與人體的討論。歡迎與我討論任何可能的題目。

The two major areas from readings and class discussions so far available are of course tropes and the raw materials of symbolism. You can do a general essay on the importance of tropes, but you may find it more stimulating to take one question or a couple of questions in the theory of tropes. Similarly, you could contrast two or more domains of symbolism or examine one of them, or you could consider some question that was raised in discussions of animals and the human body. I am glad to consult on possible topics.

無論你選了什麼題目，請盡量融合概論、細節和實例，而非只重理論空談或流於旁枝末節。應明確引用指定閱讀和其他課程資料，並盡量提出批判性思考。我將與每位同學就作業個別討論，並提供改寫意見，惟同學不當因此將第一個版本視為草稿。

Whichever subject you choose, strive to write an essay that mixes generalities and particulars/examples, without letting your paper become either too abstract or too caught up in messy detail. Cite readings and other class material explicitly, and as much as possible discuss them critically. We will go over your essays in individual meetings, and then you will rewrite them. Do not, however, treat the first version as merely a draft.

第四堂課繳交。

Due before Lecture 14.


個別預約討論時間。

Consultations will be individually scheduled.

改寫版本於期末繳交。

Rewrite due by end of term.

範例 （蒙Shen Qu.同意提供）
Student Sample (Courtesy of Shen Qu. Used with permission.)
(英文PDF)、 (英文DOC)

作業四
Assignment 4

比喻修辭單元指定作業
Tropes Field Assignment

紀錄我們的社會中象徵主義的領域，並嘗試探究其內容與結構。看你找出了哪些隱喻／換喻／提喻法／其他象徵？它們彼此間如何相互關聯？它們如何影響了人們(如果有的話)？它們如何架構起思維方式(如果有的話)？而它們又傳達了哪些主題／思維／情感？

Take some field of symbolism in our own society and explore its content and structure. What metaphors/metonyms/synecdoches/symbols of other kinds do you find? How are they related to each other? How do they influence people, if they do? How do they make sense of something, if they do? How do they structure thought, if they do? What kinds of themes/ideas/emotions do they convey?

本題有上千種的可能性，有些在讀物中有提到過：

There are thousands of possibilities, some suggested by our readings:

• 關於不適、疾病、疼痛、藥物治療等的比喻修辭，Sontag 詳盡研究此議題。
  tropes about disease and illness, or pain, or medical treatment—Sontag by no means exhausted the subject.
• 自然科學或實驗室的比喻修辭。
  tropes in a branch of science, or in the laboratory.
• 某個宗教裡的比喻修辭。
  tropes in one religion.
• 廣告----啤酒、汽車與其他。
  advertising—beer ads, car ads, etc. etc.
• 童書（例如像人一般動作的動物）。
  children's books (with animals acting like humans etc.).
• 電影。
  movies.
• 不同類型的占卜（占星術、易經、風水等）。
  different kinds of divination (astrology, the I Ching, feng shui, etc. etc.).
• 狩獵、動物權、迪士尼電影中的動物角色，或其他動物的比喻。
  hunting, animal rights, Disney movies with animal characters, other animal tropes.
• 有關美國原住民的修辭，或其他民族團體。
  tropes about or based on Native Americans or other ethnic groups.
• 不曾在課堂討論過的歷史上的相似性。
  historical analogies other than the ones we discussed in class.
• 政治辭令。
  political rhetoric.
• 委婉的說法。
  euphemisms.

民族團體是個絕佳的討論對象，如果你成長時的環境不使用英語或你來自其他國家、不同文化的族群，非常歡迎你寫下自己的例子。你對修辭的分析可能被其他的使用者認同，也可能他們從來沒注意過。 如果不知道主題是否適合或具有啟發性，可以與我討論。不過本題不得以神話和儀式為對象，因為接下來會有作業著重於這個部份。

The ethnic groups are almost always a good place to look. If you grew up speaking another language or if you come from a foreign nationality or an ethnic with a distinct culture, feel free to draw on your experiences. The tropes you discuss may be recognized by their users or they may be hidden or unconscious. If you are unsure how suitable or revealing a topic is, feel free to check in with me. The only areas to avoid are myth and ritual, since we will have assignments focusing on those forms later in the term.

雖然在資料收集上必然會投注心力，提醒同學作業最強調的是原創性、理解分析及清楚有說服力的論點。請盡量將課堂所學理論用在你的分析裡。作業要三到四頁(不可過少或超過太多)，兩倍行距、正常版面和字型。

Obviously, you will need to show work and energy in gathering material, but the most important aspects of the paper will be creativity, perceptive analysis, and clear, persuasive argument. As much as possible, use ideas from the course in your analysis. Write three to four pages (no less, not much more), double-spaced, normal margins and font size.

在第十七週繳交。

Due on Lecture 17.

作業五
Assignment 5

第二份田野調查作業
Second Field Assignment

從自己的社會或你很熟悉的社會中，選取一個儀式、象徵分類或綜合象徵（如有關於食物、動物、色彩或身體）為例，選定一個主題，然後盡可能用課堂中所學的方法、思維去分析此例子，以及其中內含的重要性。對主題或分析方法有任何疑慮都可與我討論。3-4頁，雙倍行距。

Find and analyze an example from your own society or another you know well of either a ritual; a symbolic classification; or another symbolic complex (e.g. concerning food, animals, color, or the human body). Choose your subject to maximize your ability to analyze it in terms of approaches and ideas from the course as well as its inherent interest. If in doubt about a topic or analytical approach, check with me. Write three to four double-spaced pages.

於第二十週繳交。

Due on Lecture 20.

作業範例（蒙麻省理工學生 Orlando Jaquez 同意提供）
Student Sample (Courtesy of Orlando Jaquez (MIT student). Used with permission.)
(英文PDF)、 (英文DOC)

作業六
Assignment 6

故事寫作
Essay on Narrative

從讀物、課堂討論或你自己的看法，寫一篇有關故事和生命議題的文章。3頁。
Write a brief essay on an issue or issues concerning narrative and life based on readings, class sessions, and your own ideas. Three pages.

於第22堂課繳交。
Due on Lecture 22.


作業七
Assignment 7

Proppiane 故事分析
Proppian Analysis Of Narrative

本分析形式是由Vladimir Propp所創，Benjamin Colby修正(見指定閱讀)，此種分析形式適用於依據反覆模式而成的各種故事文體。請直觀地列出數個你認為內含模式的故事文體(即使你不清楚確切的模式)，題材可以是電視連續劇、影集、肥皂劇、偵探小說、科幻小說、科技小說、漫畫、動畫。先選定幾個故事，再按Vladimir Propp與Benjamin Colby分析方式中的標準劇情來分析這些故事。點出兩個以上故事情節如何吻合這個結構。希望你規避民間故事，但如果你仍作此選擇，Humanities Library有豐富資料。三頁。
The form of analysis developed by Vladimir Propp and modified in the assigned reading by Benjamin Colby is applicable to any genre of narratives that follow a repetitive pattern or patterns. Take some genre of narrative you know in which it intuitively feels as if there is a pattern even if you aren't sure what it is. Possibilities include television sitcoms or weekly dramas, the soaps, murder mysteries, fantasy, science fiction, comics, Anime. Take a small corpus of stories and try to analyze them according to standard plots in the general approach set out in the readings by Propp and Colby. Show how two or more story plots fit the structure you set out. I prefer that you chose a kind of narrative other than folktales, but if you are drawn to folktales, the Humanities Library has a number of good collections. Write approximately three pages.

於第二十四堂課繳交。
Due on Lecture 24.

作業範例1（蒙Corinne Packard (學生)同意提供）
Student Sample 1 (Courtesy of Corinne Packard (student). Used with permission.)
(英文PDF)、 (英文DOC)
作業範例2（蒙Orlando Jaquez (麻省理工學院學學生) 同意提供）。
Student Sample 2 (Courtesy of Orlando Jaquez (MIT student). Used with permission.)
(英文PDF)、 (英文DOC)

作業八
Assignment 8

結構性神話分析
Structural Myth Analysis Sketch

對一神話作結構性的分析，主題可以是課堂討論過的或自選。因為受限篇幅，無須做整篇文章分析，只需撿一到數個子題或情節，指出其中造成關鍵的聯繫。你不一定會有神話起源地的文化資料，來做絕對性分析之類的工作----本作業旨在驗收你對這些理論方法的理解程度。2頁，其中可包含表格或圖表。

Do a short sketch of a structural analysis of a myth, either one of the myths in the class handout or another of your choosing. Space will not allow you to do anything like a complete analysis, so take one or two dimensions or episodes of the myth and indicate what seem to be a few of the key relations in them. You do not of course have information on the cultures from which the myths derive to do anything like a definitive analysis — the point is to show your understanding of the method and its application to one example. Two pages, including a chart or diagram if you wish to use one.

於第二十六堂課繳交。

Due on Lecture 26.