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本課程提綱介紹了主題、目標、預計結果、評分規則和教材。

課程描述

本課程的目的，是向學生介紹研究無重狀態下生理適應性問題的一些計量性方法。這門課程分成8個部分︰第一部分是介紹和特選的主題，將提供給學生一些關於人類太空飛行生理問題的背景知識，同時復習專業術語和重要的工程概念。第二到六部分主要是介紹骨骼結構、肌肉結構、肌肉與骨骼的運動和控制關係、心臟血管系統和神經系統。每一個課程單元部分，一開始都介紹關於系統和適應性的質性生物學知識，並把內容拓展至計量的終端，其中使用工程方法來分析具體問題和對策。最後兩部分，關於各學科間的主題。第七部分是涉及到太空船外活動。之後是學生的學期專題（第八部分）。

本課程強調運用多媒體來豐富學生學習經驗。課程中講授的（結構力學、多體動力學、控制理論、電路模型）工程原理，適合於用圖形表現的方式傳達，如圖像、動畫。例如，顯示以電阻－電容電路對心血管系統的模擬，可便利地在網路上觀看。改變了的重力水準影響，可以透過圖表和視覺技術，被清晰地顯示，即時同步地表現出系統中的這種改變。

學習目標

1. 應用工程方法在宇航員之無重狀態下的適應性研究。
2. 運用分析技術，如結構理想化、控制理論、電路和機械系統類似物，來類比宇航員執行任務。
3. 計算太空任務之病態後果的危險性。
4. 對因應對策之效果的計量評估。

可衡量的成果和評估

學生完成這門課程（16.423J/HST.515J）後將能夠：
1.解釋長期和短期無重狀態下的生理學影響。
2.運用分析技術，如結構理想化、控制理論、電路和機械系統類似物來類比宇航員執行任務。
3. 用樑理論和有限元分析計算人骨骼（例如最接近的大腿骨）的壓力和張力狀態。
4.用機械模型包括彈簧、阻尼器和集中品質來類比肌肉組織或臨界條件。
5.為多體動力學系統推出運動的公式，運用公式於肢體的運動模擬。
6.選擇用於太空生物醫學工程的控制規律和估計其控制參數。
7.用一個電阻-電容模型去估計心血管系統的變化。.
8.用前庭器官的模型來估計重力和加速度的感覺。
9.講述用於生理系統的多學科工程模型，識別假設和局限性。

作業及評估

作業的安排將貫穿整個學期。
大量的閱讀任務，希望所有學生要在講授主題之前準備好。
有兩次測驗。
有一個學期專題。
教育評估將貫穿整個學期。

家庭作業和參與將佔總成績的30%，兩次測試分別佔20%，學期設計專題和口頭報告佔30%。

參考書目

由於主題囊括了多學科內容，因此這門課程沒有基本的教科書。課程講稿涵蓋了大部分的教學主題。控制理論和計量生理學的知識背景是很有用的。

課程涉及的文章包括：

Eckart, P.《太空飛行的維生和生物幾何學》. Torrance, CA: Microcosm 出版社, 1998。
《人類太空維生的先進技術》. Washington, D. C.: National Academy出版社, 1997。
Churchill, S., ed.《太空生命科學入門》. Malabar, Florida: An Orbit Series Book, Krieger 出版社, 1997。
Guyton.《醫學生理學教科書》. W. B. Saunders 編輯 . 1991。

This syllabus presents the topics, objectives, intended outcomes, grading policies, and texts for the course.

Course Description

This course aims to introduce students to a quantitative approach to studying the problems of physiological adaptation to weightlessness. The course curriculum is divided into 8 blocks. Block 1, the Introduction & Selected Topics, provides the students with some background information on the physiological problems associated with human space flight, as well as reviewing terminology and key engineering concepts. Blocks 2-6 focus on Bone Mechanics, Muscle Mechanics, Musculoskeletal Dynamics and Control, the Cardiovascular System, and the Neurovestibular system. Each of these modular course blocks starts out with qualitative and biological information regarding the system and its adaptation, and progresses to a quantitative endpoint in which engineering methods are used to analyze specific problems and countermeasures. The final two course blocks focus on interdisciplinary topics. Block 7 deals with extravehicular activity. Following Block 7 is a period consisting of student term project work (Block 8).

This course places heavy emphasis on multi-media technology to enrich the student learning experience. The engineering principles conveyed in the course (structural mechanics, multibody dynamics, control theory, and circuit models) are well suited to graphical presentation as images, or animation. For instance, a simulation showing the cardiovascular system modeled as a resistance-and-capacitance (R-C) circuit can be conveniently run from the web site. The effects of changing the gravity level can then be clearly demonstrated using plots and visual techniques that illustrate the changes throughout the system in real-time.

Learning Objectives

1. To apply engineering methods to the study of astronaut adaptation to weightlessness.
2. To use analytical techniques, such as structural idealizations, control theory, electrical circuit, and mechanical system analogs to model astronaut performance.
3. To calculate the risk for pathological consequences for space missions.
4. To enable quantitative assessment of the effectiveness of countermeasures.

Measurable Outcomes and Assessment

Students graduating from 16.423J/HST.515J will be able to:
1. Explain the short-term and long-term physiological consequences of weightlessness.
2. Use analytical techniques such as structural idealizations, control theory, electrical circuit and mechanical system analogs to model astronaut performance.
3. Calculate the stress and strain state in a human bone such as the proximal femur using beam theory and finite element analysis.
4. Use a mechanical model including springs, dashpots and concentrated masses to simulate muscle tissue or a boundary condition.
5. Derive and the equations of motion for a multibody dynamic system and apply the equations in a simulation of limb motion.
6. Select control laws and evaluate control parameters applied to space biomedical engineering.
7. Use a resistance-capacitance model to evaluate changes in the cardiovascular system.
8. Use a model of the vestibular apparatus to assess perception of gravity and acceleration.
9. Formulate multidisciplinary engineering-based models for physiological systems and identify the assumptions and limitations.

Assignments and Evaluation

Assignments will be distributed throughout the semester.
A heavy reading load will be assigned with the expectation that all students prepare before topical lecture.
There will be two quizzes.
There will be a term project.
Educational assessments will be made throughout the semester.

The grade will be based 30% on homework and participation, 20% for each of the two quizzes, and 30% on the term design project and oral presentation.

References

There is no basic text for the course due to the multidisciplinary nature of the topics covered. Course handouts cover most lecture topics. Background in control theory and quantitative physiology are helpful.

Reference texts for the course include:

Eckart, P. Spaceflight Life Support and Biospherics. Torrance, CA: Microcosm Press, 1998.
Advanced Technology for Human Support in Space. Washington, D. C.: National Academy Press, 1997.
Churchill, S., ed. Introduction to Space Life Sciences. Malabar, Florida: An Orbit Series Book, Krieger Publishing Company Inc., 1997.
Guyton. Textbook of Medical Physiology. Edited by W. B. Saunders. 1991.