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課程16.100簡介Introduction to 16.100 |
公布作業＃1Homework #1 Out |
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專題實務交流課1:Project Lab 1:
升力和阻力估算Lift and Drag Estimation
阻力分類：表面摩擦阻力、壓差阻力、激波阻力和誘導阻力Drag Breakdown: Skin Friction, Pressure, Wave, and Induced Drag
例子：巡航狀態下的U2偵察機的升力、阻力估計Example: L/D Estimation for U2 Spy-plane in Cruise |
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翼型升力的產生，重點是動量守恆和流動轉向Lift Generation on an Airfoil Focusing on Conservation of Momentum and Flow Turning
課堂示範水流撞擊到勺子後的流動轉向In-class Demo of Flow Turning with Water Stream Impinging on a Spoon
概念性的問題：勺子上的流動轉向和風洞中翼型繞流Concept Questions: Flow Turning on Spoon and for an Airfoil in a Wind Tunnel |
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最後的升力概念問題：風洞對翼型的反作用力(輕型風洞)Last Lift Concept Question: Reaction of Tunnel to Airfoil (Lightweight Tunnel)
開始討論運動學，以旋度為重點Begin Discussion of Kinematics Focusing on Rotationality
概念性問題：根據流線確定旋度Concept Question: Determining Rotationality from Streamlines |
交作業＃1Homework #1 Due
公布作業＃2Homework #2 Out
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流體微團的運動學：對流、變形率、渦量和旋度、散度、基本導數
Kinematics of a Fluid Element: Convection, Strain Rates, Vorticity and Rotationality, Divergence, Substantial Derivative
例子：無旋和無形變螺旋流，及其和實際自然渦流的關係Example: Irrotational and Zero Strain Swirling Flows, Relationship to Physical Vortices |
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專題實務交流課2:Project Lab 2:
專題概述Overview of Project
討論期中報告的要求Discuss Current Requirements for Interim Report
分組Distribute Team Assignments
收集對風洞測試時間的安排Collect Wind Tunnel Testing Times |
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結束形變、散度和旋度的討論Finish Discussion of Strain, Divergence, and Rotationality
概念性問題：不可壓流的流體微團的運動Concept Question: Incompressible Fluid Element Motion
開始討論牛頓的應力－應變關係,包括標記慣例和對稱應力(τxy = τyx)Begin Discussion of Newtonian Stress-strain Relationship including Sign Convention and Need for Symmetric Stresses (tau_xy = tau_yx)
概念性問題：管道中流體淨粘性力的正確運算式Concept Question on Correct Expression for Net Viscous Forces on the Fluid in a Channel |
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結束應力－應變關係式的討論Finish Discussion of Stress-strain Relationship |
交作業＃2Homework #2 Due
公布作業＃3Homework #3 Out
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討論Stokes假設和動量傳輸的分子動力學原理
Discussion of Stokes Hypothesis and Molecular Source of Momentum Transport
擴散遊戲Play Diffusion Game |
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專題交流答疑會3：Project Lab 3:
介紹渦格法並示範AVL（渦格法應用）Introduce Vortex Lattice Methods and Begin Demonstration of AVL |
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討論積分和微分形式的可壓流的Navier-Stokes方程式 Discussion of Compressible Navier-Stokes Equations in Integral and Differential Form
概念性問題：流體微團的加速度量級、淨壓力和淨粘性力的平衡Concept Questions: Magnitude of Acceleration vs Net Pressure Force vs Net Viscous Force on a Fluid Element |
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波音公司Bob Liebeck的講座：「翼身融合設計的挑戰」Guest Lecture by Bob Liebeck, Boeing Company/MIT, on "BWB Design Challenges" |
交作業＃3Homework #3 Due
公布作業＃4Homework #4 Out
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專題實務交流課4:Project Lab 4:
結束AVL的示範Finish Demonstration of AVL
最後一個小時進行小組工作會議Group Work Session During Last Hour |
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用兩個旋轉圓筒間流體流動的特例，討論不可壓粘性流體的解Discussion of Incompressible Viscous Flow Solutions Giving Specific Example of Between Two Rotating Cylinders
講解控制方程式組的層次體系Presentation of Hierarchy of Governing Equations |
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兩個演講：Two Lectures Scheduled Today:
不可壓勢流的基本假設和概念：無旋、質量守恆、質量守恆方程式的線性及速度的線性，d’Alemberts悖論，Kutta Joukowsky定理，以及Kutta條件Discussion of Basic Assumptions and Concepts in Incompressible Potential Flow: Irrotationality, Conservation of Mass, Linearity with Respect to Velocity and Conservation of Mass, d'Alemberts Paradox, Kutta Joukowsky Theorem, and the Kutta Condition
幾個概念問題：勢流的無旋與質量守恆，速度的線性疊加與和靜壓，圓柱體和翼型繞流的d’Alembert悖論，Kutta Joukowsky定理與Kutta條件Concept Questions: Irrotationality versus Conservation of Mass for a Potential Flow, Linearity of Velocity versus Static Pressure, d'Alembert's Paradox for Cylinder and Airfoil, Kutta-Joukowsky vs Kutta Condition |
交作業＃4Homework #4 Due
公布作業＃5Homework #5 Out
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專題實務交流課5:Project Lab 5:
小組工作會議Group Work Session |
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本期沒有講課因為上期已經有兩次講課No lecture today since two lectures were held on Lec #11 |
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討論渦面法Discussion of Vortex Panel Method |
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薄翼理論介紹Introduction to Thin Airfoil Theory |
交作業＃5Homework #5 Due
公布作業＃6Homework #6 Out |
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專題交流答疑會6：Project Lab 6:
CFD（計算流體動力學）的介紹Introduction to CFD
Fluent軟體使用的簡短示範Short Demo on the Use of Fluent |
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薄翼理論在前緣和後緣襟翼上的應用Application of Thin Airfoil Theory to Leading-edge and Trailing-edge Flaps
使用前緣和後緣襟翼的目的Purpose of Leading-edge and Trailing-edge Flaps
前緣吸力峰值及其與薄翼型和迎角的關係Leading-edge Suction Peak and Relation to Thin Airfoils and Incidence |
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薄翼理論在提高靜態穩定性方面的應用Application of Thin Airfoil Theory to Improving Static Stability
後緣反折Reflex Trailing Edges |
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專題實務交流課7：Project Lab 7:
小組工作會議Group Work Session |
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結束有關靜態穩定性和後緣反折的翼型設計的討論Finish Discussion of Designing Airfoils for Static Stability and Reflexed Trailing Edges
升力線的介紹Introduction to Lifting Line
概念性的問題：升力，升力分佈和誘導阻力之間的關係Concept Questions: Relationship Between Lift, Lift Distribution, and Induced Drag |
交作業＃6Homework #6 Due |
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升力線方法得出的結果的討論Discussion of Lifting Line Results
展弦比對誘導阻力和升力的影響Impact of Aspect Ratio on Induced Drag and Lift
幾何形狀對翼展效應的影響Impact of Geometry on Span Efficiency
誘導阻力的Trefftz平面分析Trefftz Plane Analysis of Induced Drag |
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結束關於升力線方法的討論Finish Discussion of Lifting Line
機翼扭轉的影響Impact of Twist
不使用橢圓平面形狀的機翼如何得到橢圓形的升力分佈Achieving Elliptic Lift Distribution without Elliptic Planform |
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專題交流答疑會8：Project Lab 8:
小組工作時間Group Work Time |
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對升力線理論的主要結論做一個總結Summarize Lifting Line Main Conclusions
開始討論風洞試驗和流動相似性Begin Discussion of Wind Tunnel Testing and Flow Similarity |
公布作業＃7Homework #7 Out |
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結束流動相似性及其在風洞試驗中應用的討論Finish Discussion of Flow Similarity and Application to Wind Tunnel Testing
開始討論風洞洞壁干擾效應Begin Discussion of Wind Tunnel Wall Effects |
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結束關於地面效應和風洞洞壁干擾效應的鏡像分析的討論Finish Discussion of Image Analysis for Ground Effect and Tunnel Wall Effects
開始討論口試的結果Begin Discussion of Results from Oral Exam |
交作業＃7Homework #7 Due |
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專題實務交流課9：Project Lab 9:
小組工作時間Group Work Time |
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討論運用法向動量方程式得到的彎度和厚度對翼型壓力分佈的影響(即dp/dr = rho V^2/R)
Discussion of the Effect of Camber and Thickness on Pressure Distribution Over an Airfoil Using Normal Momentum Equation (i.e. dp/dr = rho V^2/R) |
公布作業＃8Homework #8 Out |
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從幾個概念性的問題開始討論邊界層的概念。問題包括邊界層內的壓力特徵、邊界層的存在對整體壓力的影響、層流翼型上摩擦力隨弦向距離的變化。Begin discussion of boundary layer concept using several concept questions on the behavior of pressure through boundary layer, the effect of the boundary layer on the pressure, and the behavior of the skin friction vs chord-wise distance on a laminar airfoil |
交專題報告Project Report Due |
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介紹邊界層的量級對比分析法Introduction of order of magnitude scaling analysis for boundary layers
用此法推導出邊界層方程式組Derivation of boundary layer equations using scaling analysis |
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介紹邊界層的控制體方法，用於討論有關的基本的機理，尤其是壁面摩擦和壓力梯度導致的動量變化Introduction of control volume analysis of a boundary layer to discuss basic mechanisms involved: specifically, wall friction and pressure gradients resulting in momentum changes
討論流動反轉、分離所需的逆壓梯度Discussion of need for adverse pressure gradient for flow reversal/separation to occur |
公布作業＃9Homework #9 Out
交作業＃8Homework #8 Due |
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專題實務交流課10：Project Lab 10:
小組工作時間Group Work Time |
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介紹積分形式的邊界層參數和方程式組，包括位移和動量厚度Introduction of integral boundary layer parameters and equations including displacement and momentum thickness
示範由於邊界層厚度源起的壓差阻力Demonstration of pressure drag source due to boundary layer thickness |
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表面摩擦和摩擦阻力與雷諾數之間關係Basic behavior of skin friction and friction drag with respect to Reynolds number
概念性問題：自由流速度變化和流向方位（如弦長）的變化引起的阻力變化Concept question: behavior of drag due to changes in freestream velocity and streamwise orientation (i.e. chord length) |
交作業＃9Homework #9 Due |
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專題實務交流課11Project Lab 11 |
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用實驗或仿真得到的視覺化流動，討論紊流的行為Discussion of the behavior of turbulent flows using flow visualizations from experiments and simulations
示範層流、層流不穩定、轉換、紊流的差別，特別強調層流（小尺度）混合和紊流（大尺度）混合的對比Demonstration of the difference between laminar, laminar unsteady, transitional, and turbulent flow stressing laminar (i.e. microscopic) mixing versus turbulent (i.e. macroscopic) mixing |
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討論隨著雷諾數的增加，翼型上的邊界層的變化Discussion of the behavior of the boundary layer on airfoils as Reynolds number increases
層流、轉換和紊流：轉換中表面摩擦的行為變化Laminar, transition, and turbulent flows: behavior of skin friction in transition
使用e^N方法得到的轉換模型（僅限於線性不穩定邊界層和導致轉換的擾動放大的基本思想）Transition modeling through e^N method (only basic idea of linearly unstable boundary layers and amplification of disturbances leading to transition) |
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用控制體法和等熵簡化，推導出可壓一維管道流動的方程式Derivation of compressible 1-D channel flow equations using a control volume analysis and reduction to isentropic form of equations |
公布作業＃10Homework #10 Out |
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專題實務交流課12Project Lab 12 |
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使用准一維歐拉解示範在一個收縮－擴張噴嘴中，由於下游的壓力降低而引起的激波的變化過程Demonstration of the evolution of a shock wave as the downstream pressure is lowered for a converging-diverging nozzle using a quasi-1D Euler solver
討論這個過程中不同的流動行為：等熵亞音速流、噴嘴中有激波的跨音速流、在出口有激波的跨音速流、等熵亞音速流到帶激波或噴嘴外有膨脹波的超音速流Discussion of different behaviors of this flow: isentropic subsonic, transonic with shock inside nozzle, transonic with shock at exit plane, isentropic subsonic-to-supersonic with shocks or expansion fans outside of nozzle |
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一維可壓流中的波動介紹（聲波和熵波）Introduction to waves in 1-D compressible flow (acoustic and entropy waves)
推導非線性的激波跳轉關係Derivation of nonlinear shock jump relationships
穿過激波時各種流動屬性的變化，包括馬赫數、壓力、總壓力、焓、熵Behavior of properties (Mach number, pressure, total pressure, enthalpy, entropy) across a shock |
交作業＃10Homework #10 Due
公布作業＃11Homework #11 Out
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用線性化（即不計二階小量）控制體法，根據質量守恆推導出音速大小。Derivation of speed of sound using linearized control volume analysis
把學生們分為幾個小組，獨立完成推導。Manipulation of the conservation of mass, with students placed into teams to complete the derivation themselves
關於等熵條件和最終結果的講座Presentation of isentropic condition and final results |
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專題實務交流課13Project Lab 13 |
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波在平面可壓流動中的傳播：亞音速和超音速的比較Behavior of waves in two-dimensional compressible flows: subsonic vs. supersonic
馬赫角Mach angle |
交作業＃11Homework #11 Due |
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亞音速可壓流Subsonic compressible flow
Prandtl-Glauert 變換率，及亞音速流中壓力係數、升力係數和阻力係數的變化Prandtl-Glauert scaling and behavior of pressure coefficient, lift coefficient, and drag coefficient in subsonic flow
討論亞音速非粘性流的d’Alembert悖論（將會使用到關於這些話題的不同的概念性問題）Discussion of d'Alembert's paradox for subsonic inviscid flows (various concept questions on these topics will be used) |
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專題實務交流課14Project Lab 14 |
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討論超音速線性化勢流Discussion of supersonic linearized potential flow
討論作業中的斜面問題；超音速線性勢流在翼型升力和阻力上的應用Discussion on ramp problem given in homework; application to airfoil lift and drag |
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結束在線性超音速流中的翼型升力和阻力的討論Finish discussion of airfoil lift and drag in linearized supersonic flow
示範升力只依賴迎角（不依賴彎度）Demonstration of dependence of lift only on angle of attack (not on camber)
臨界馬赫數Critical Mach number
跨音速下的阻力發散Drag divergence at transonic conditions
在跨音速時的摩擦阻力、激波阻力和壓差阻力的比例細分Breakdown of friction, wave, and pressure drag through transonic speeds |
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討論後掠理論和臨界馬赫數的延遲Discussion of sweep theory and delay of the critical Mach number
期末考試的準備Comments on preparing for final exam |
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專題實務交流課15Project Lab 15 |
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