教學大綱

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教學大綱

全世界所有的國家 – 即使是那些處於戰火中的國家 – 都在合作保護5歲以下的兒童不死於那些可以用疫苗預防的疾病。經過20多年的努力，全球的疫苗覆蓋率已經超過了80%，小兒麻痺症也即將成為第2種被消滅的傳染病。在美國,疫苗的覆蓋率更高，可以用疫苗來預防的疾病也已經罕見。雖然從來沒有那麼多的資源被用於預防接種，但仍然存在著不少問題。已經開發出來的高效疫苗並沒有被用在大多數孩子身上。更令人憂心的是，由於種種原因，目前的高預防接種率有可能無法繼續保持。

本課程的內容包括預防接種的基礎，涉及到相關的公共衛生學、社會學以及經濟學文獻的綜述，和用一種標準化的解決問題的方法來識別和分析常見的問題。課題包括在已開發和開發中國家中疫苗運輸的策略、專案的管理和監督、流行病監測、社區的參與和疾病的根除。學生還將使用美國疾病管制中心的CASA軟體來分析實際的預防接種資料。針對預防接種專案管理者和政策制訂者們經常會碰到的一些問題，在完成本課程後，你將學會使用必要的工具或軟體來找出和闡述具有創新性的解決方案。

教學目標

本課程將從多方面來審視預防接種專案的組織、需求和物流。修完本課程後, 你應該可以：

• 論述基本的物流、監測及監督方法
• 解釋物流、監測及監督在傳染病根除上的作用
• 識別並解決專案的低效率和妨礙專案成效的障礙
• 用本課程學到的理論來設計並評估解決預防接種專案問題的方法。

相關閱讀資料

本課程沒有指定的教材, 但絕大多數講稿後都附有從各種雜誌中挑選的必讀和選讀文獻, 並且提供所有文章的PDF文本。

課題

本課程包括以下課題：

• 預防接種專案的構成
• 使用工具或軟體來進行實地的監督和測量
• 提高疫苗供應者成效的一些方法
• 傳染病根除策略的構成： 以小兒麻痺為例
• 健康行為模式
• 社區行動的理論與實例
• 免疫接種未來的方向

授課方式

本課程的教學由以下幾部分組成：

教師授課：每週授課兩次, 每次1.25小時。根據預防免疫接種專案的不同方面, 講課相應的分成幾個單元。講課中的重點在於幻燈片及相應的閱讀文獻。 講稿（在網上）公佈後, 你可以在任何時候回來查閱。

閱讀：本課程沒有指定的教科書, 但絕大多數講稿後都附有從各種雜誌中挑選的必讀和選讀文獻, 並且提供所有文章的PDF文本。

練習：學生需要下載CASA軟體來完成CASA練習。 這些練習包括分析幾個預防免疫中心的疫苗接種記錄並作出報告。

線上即時討論：教師將主持四次線上即時討論，目的是解答問題、回顧練習題並參與同學間的交流。 學生還可以在電子佈告欄上張貼所有跟課程有關的資訊。

小測驗：大多數授課後將張貼線上小測驗以幫助學生評估他們對課堂授課及文獻閱讀的理解。 小測驗將會記分。

小組練習：班上的學生將被分成幾個小組。 每組都要完成三個練習並按組打分。 具體內容將在隨後的課程中公佈。

期末考試：在學期末學生要參加期末考試, 內容涵蓋本課程的材料。 具體內容將在隨後的課程中公佈。

評分

我希望學生能按時交作業並積極參加課堂討論和BBS討論。成績的算法如下：

參與： 5%
期末考試： 25%
練習題： 70%

1. CASA練習： 10%
2. 小測驗： 30%
3. 小組練習： 30%

額外練習： 6%

最後字母成績根據以下分數給出：
A = 90 - 100
B = 80 - 89
C = 70 - 79
P = 70 + 僅限於那些選擇「通過/不通過」記分的學生
D = 60 - 69
F = < 59

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Course Description

Countries around the world - even those at war - are collaborating to ensure that children under the age of five don't die from diseases for which vaccines are available. In the past twenty years, global vaccine coverage has surpassed eighty percent, and a second disease, polio, is nearly eradicated. In the United States, coverage rates are even higher, and vaccine-preventible diseases are now rare. Never have so many resources been focused on immunization - yet problems remain. Additional, highly effective vaccines have been developed but still do not reach the majority of children. More worrisome, currently high immunization rates may be unsustainable for a number of reasons.

In this course, we will cover immunization basics and survey the public health, sociological, and economic literature, identifying and analyzing common problems using a standard problem-solving approach. Topics will span developed and developing countries and will include vaccine-delivery strategies, program management and supervision, epidemiological surveillance, community participation, and disease eradication. Students will analyze actual vaccination data using the U.S. Center for Disease Control's CASA software program. Once you've completed the course, you should have gained the necessary tools to identify and formulate innovative solutions to common problems faced by immunization program managers and policymakers.

Course Objectives

This course will provide you with a multidisciplinary perspective on the organization, requirements, and logistics of vaccination programs. After completing this course, you should be able to do the following:

• Discuss the basic methods of logistics, monitoring, and surveillance
• Explain how logistics, monitoring, and surveillance are used in disease eradication efforts.
• Identify and solve program inefficiencies and barriers to program performance.
• Design and evaluate immunization program problem-solving interventions with the theoretical background you'll receive in this course.

Readings

There is no required textbook. For most lectures, there will be both required and recommended readings drawn from various journals. All articles will be available in PDF format.

Course Topics

The course covers the following topics:

• The anatomy of an immunization program
• Surveillance and field measurement tools
• Methods for improving immunization provider performance
• Constituents of an eradication strategy: The case of polio
• Health behavioral models
• Theories and examples of community action
• Future directions for immunization

Course Format

The course will consist of:

Lectures: There will be two weekly lectures, each approximately 1.25 hours long. The lectures are organized into modules which correspond to different dimensions of immunization programs. Salient points of the lectures are highlighted in the accompanying slide presentations, as are the corresponding reading assignments. Once the lectures have been posted, you may return to them for review at any point during the course.

Readings: There is no required textbook. For most lectures, there will be both required and recommended readings drawn from various journals. All articles will be available in PDF format.

Practical Exercises: Students will download a software program called CASA, which they will use for the CASA exercises. The exercises will entail analyzing vaccination records from several immunization centers and producing reports.

LiveTalk Sessions: The instructor will lead four online LiveTalk sessions for the purpose of answering questions, reviewing exercises, and moderating the exchanges between students. There also will be an electronic bulletin board in which students may post any course-related messages.

Self-Evaluation Quizzes: Following most lectures, online "quizzes" will be provided to help students assess their progress in understanding the lectures and readings. The quizzes will be graded.

Small Group Exercises: The class will be divided into small groups. Each group is required to complete three exercises and the groups will be graded. Details will be provided during the course.

Final Exam: At the end of the course, students will take an exam which will cover material from the course. Details will be provided during the course.

Course Grades

Students will be expected to submit exercises on time and to participate actively in the LiveTalk sessions and BBS discussions. Grades will be computed as follows:

Participation: 5%
Final exam: 25%
Practical exercises: 70%

1. CASA: 10%
2. Quizzes: 30%
3. Small Group Exercises: 30%

Extra Credit: 6%

The final letter grade will be based on a point system:
A = 90 - 100
B = 80 - 89
C = 70 - 79
P = 70 + (For those taking the course pass/fail)
D = 60 - 69
F = < 59