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很榮幸替各位介紹我們的畢業演講嘉賓-安妮.瑪麗.斯勞特。斯勞特博士是新美國基金會主席兼執行長,一所具影響力的公共政策機構。身為前美國國務院政策籌備處主任,她監督我國外交與發展的政策規劃,她是著名文章《為何女性仍無法兼顧一切》作者,也是《未完成的志業:女性、男性、工作與家庭》一書作者。斯勞特博士擁有牛津大學國際關係博士學位及哈佛大學法律學位,讓我們歡迎安妮.瑪麗.斯勞特。
感謝Pershing校長。當我唸大學時,就是猶他州地底還埋著許多美妙的恐龍化石的時候,我掌握了三分律原則:無論我想研究的課題多麼複雜,只要我將它分成三個部分,就更容易記住。因此對你們來說今天是令人激動與興奮的日子,你們將聆聽、思考與感受許多東西,但我希望當一切結束、你們離開後,你將記住相當重要的三點。第一點,關懷與事業一樣重要。以許多-時候還沒到。以許多方面來說,大學與事業息息相關。當你進入大學,你開始接受廣泛教育,蒙田稱之為「裝修你的心靈密室」,但你也為了未來事業做準備。至於今天畢業於職業學校及進修博士課程者,你們在這裡的日子是為了學習知識及獲得職業生涯所需的技能。何謂事業?那是指職業生涯,即我們希望能使你在人生旅程中提升或至少能繼續學習與成長的過程。它是一種謀生方式,以許多方面來說,所謂事業是指投資自己、投資技能、知識、個人成長與發展的終生過程。關懷是投資他人,它往往是無償工作,雖然也有許多有償的關懷事業與職業,例如醫療保健、教學或管理,但在我們的社會中,關懷受重視的程度往往遠遜於你的事業。
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When I was in college, back when the dinosaurs that you have so many wonderful skeletons of here in Utah roamed the earth, I mastered the rule of three: No matter how complicated the subject I was trying to study, it was always easier to remember it if I broke it into three parts.So today is a day of emotion and excitement for all of you. You’re going to be hearing and thinking and feeling many things. But I hope when it’s all done, when you leave, you will remember three very important points.First, care is as important as career.In so many ways, college is about career. When you come to college, you come to be educated broadly—what Montaigne referred to as furnishing the back room of your mind.But you’re also preparing for a future career. And for those of you who are graduating today from professional schools and in Ph.D. programs, your time here has been directly about learning the knowledge and acquiring the skills for your career. What do we mean when we talk about a career? It’s a professional journey—one that we hope will ascend or at least allow you to continue learning and growing throughout your life. And it is a way of earning a living. In many ways, your career is a lifelong process of investing in yourselves, in the skills, the knowledge and personal growth and development. Care is investing in others. It is work that is often unpaid. Although, there are also many paid care careers, caring professions like healthcare, teaching or ministry. But care is typically valued far less in our society than the work of your careers.
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擔任律師、商人、工程師或其他職業的女性,當他們回頭來關懷家人,甚至退出職場,報導指出,她們的社會聲望將立刻下降,人們會說前一刻他們還重視自己的工作與收入,下一刻突然變得不那麼重視。選擇延遲晉升、以照顧孩子為重的男性,不僅令他們對事業的承諾受到質疑,他們往往發現自己的男子氣概受到質疑,然而這些選擇這些將家庭放在第一位的選擇,至少在某些時候是你們父母所做的必要選擇,以確保今天你們所有人都能拿到學位。有一天你將不得不做出這樣的選擇,以便找到能關懷所愛之人的時間,那些今天自豪地來這裡觀看你畢業的親人、父母、祖父母和其他家庭成員。因此以社會、經濟、甚至國家安全的角度來看,關懷相當重要,但關懷對所有人都同樣重要,無論男性或女性。投資他人和投資自己對你們的成長、學習與發展同樣重要,你將發現自己的另一面,你對他人的成功與自己的成功同樣感到喜悅與驕傲。當然,投資他人的價值,眾多道德哲學流派與偉大宗教均十分瞭解,其中當然包括後期聖徒教會,這是第一點:關懷與事業一樣重要。
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Women who are lawyers or business people or engineers or in any other profession, when they step back to care for family members or even step out of the workforce often report that they feel they have immediately tumbled in social prestige. They say one minute they’re valued for the work they do and the income they bring in and then suddenly they’re much less valued. And men who make those choices to defer a promotion, to be the lead parent for their children, not only have their commitment to their careers cast into doubt, they often find their very manhood is questioned.And yet those choices, those choices to put family first, at least some of the time, are choices that your parents made that were necessary to ensure that all of you are here today getting your degrees.And some day you are going to have to make the choices to find the time and the love to be able to care for all of them, for the loved ones, the parents and the grandmothers and the other family members who are here so proud to see you graduate today. So care is vitally important from a social point of view, an economic point of view, indeed even a national security point of view. But care is equally important for all of you—for men as well as for women.You will grow and learn and develop by investing in others just as much as by investing in yourselves. You will discover a new side of yourself, a side of yourself that takes as much pleasure and pride when others succeed as when you do. The value of investing in others is, of course, well understood by many schools of moral philosophy and great religions, including, of course, the LDS church.That’s the first lesson: Care is as important as career.
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第二點:心與頭腦一樣重要。同樣地,我們的教育多半與頭腦有關,將你的腦袋塞滿所有你需要的知識,以及能幫助你一輩子的求知習慣與求知欲。但許多人,或在座所有人,將在一個也許只有「心」不是自動化的世界追求事業。我的朋友Dov Seidman,他是企業顧問和記者,曾撰文說,我們從工業時代邁向知識時代,或從工業經濟邁向知識經濟,再邁向人類經濟。在工業經濟時代,我們雇用的是勞力;在知識經濟時代,我們雇用的是頭腦;在人類經濟時代,我們雇用的是心。機器將越來越聰明,那些主修電腦科學的人,你們知道機器將以模仿人類的方式學習,人類能帶來的是「心」的特質,這是無法寫入軟體的特質,Dov稱之為創意、熱情、性格與合作,我想加上憐憫與同理心。這裡有一個更深層的問題:Dov Seidman說人類的核心是「心」,啟蒙運動則認為是「頭腦」,人類應以理性掌控情感,想想笛卡兒所言:我思故我在。如今定義我們的是感受、關懷、同理心與膽量,我感受、我思考、我大膽、我感同身受,故我在。有趣的是,想想我們用「心」這個字代表愛和勇氣。「心與頭腦一樣重要」這個想法對大學來說尤其重要,事實上大學是一個群體,在任何群體中,我們學習設身處地、感同身受,沒有這些感受、沒有心,我們無法進行理性對話,我們無法說服他人,除非我們自己願意被說服。這所卓越的大學已證明它是能進行理性對話的群體,在這裡,人們可以盡心辯論、發言、成長與改變。
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The second is that heart is as important as head.Again, so much of our education is about head. It’s about filling all of your heads with the knowledge that you need and the habits of inquiry and intellectual curiosity that will serve you over a lifetime. But many of you, all of you, are going to be pursuing careers in a world in which heart may be the only thing that is not automated.My friend Dov Seidman, who’s a business consultant and a journalist has written that we have moved from the industrial age to the knowledge age or the industrial economy to the knowledge economy, to the human economy. In the industrial economy, we hired hands. In the knowledge economy, we hire heads. In the human economy, we will hire hearts.Machines will be increasingly intelligent and, indeed, for those who are in computing science, you know those machines will learn very much the way humans learn. What humans will bring are the traits of our heart—the traits that cannot be programmed into software.Dov calls them creativity, passion, character and collaboration. I would add compassion and empathy. There’s a deeper point here. Dov Seidman is saying that it is heart that is at the core of our humanity.In the enlightenment, it was head. It was reason ruling the passions. Indeed, think about Descartes: I think, therefore I am. Today, it is feelings and care and empathy and daring that define us. I feel. I think. I dare. I empathize, therefore I am.And it is interesting to think that we use the word heart to refer both to love and to courage. Love and bravery. Heart matters as much as head.That message is particularly important for a university. Indeed, a university is a community. And in any community, we learn to put ourselves in each other’s shoes and to feel for them and with them. Without those feelings, without that heart, we cannot have reasoned dialogue. We cannot persuade other people unless we ourselves are willing to be persuaded. This great university has demonstrated that it is a community where reasoned dialogue can take place, where people can reason, talk, grow and change from the heart.
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第三點、也是最後一點:家庭與名聲一樣重要。通常我們談到工作與家庭時,兩者彷彿永遠彼此拉鋸,讓我們左右為難。老實說,有時確實是這樣的感覺,當你孩子耳朵痛,你不得不取消整個星期的會議時。但沒有家人,你們不可能坐在這裡,無論是與你有血緣關係的親屬或你愛的人,和愛你、支持你、你選擇與其共組家庭的人,事實上我們才聽過Charles Koronkowski說我們已成為一家人。家庭,在許多不同的定義中並非你必須如摘星般花時間努力獲得的事物,家庭是你發展能力的基礎,這是我的一個學生教導我的,她在我辦公室看著我說:「我不明白必須在工作與家庭之間做選擇這個固有想法,因為沒有家庭,我無法做任何事。」家庭是你的基礎,我也應該說家庭讓你保持謙卑,這有助於你在人生道路上前進。我跟兩個十幾歲的男孩住在一起,這讓我避免自命不凡的風險。
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The third and last lesson: Family is as important as fame.So often we talk about work and family as if they were in eternal tension, pulling at us in opposite directions. And I’ll be honest, some of the time it does feel like that, when your child has an earache and it undoes an entire week of meetings.But none of you would be sitting here without your families. Whether those are your biological families or the people whom you love and love you and support you and whom you choose to make your families. We indeed just heard Charles Koronkowski [the student speaker] say we have become a family. Family, in its many different incarnations, is not the thing that you have to struggle to make time for as you reach for the stars. Family is the foundation of your ability to thrive. It was one of my own students who taught me that, who in my office looked at me and she said: “I don’t understand constantly this idea that we have to choose between work and family because, without family I couldn’t do any of the things that I do.”Family is your foundation. I should also say family keeps you humble, which is valuable, as you go forward. I live with two teenage boys. There is no danger that my head will ever swell.
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家庭與名聲一樣重要,這一點對男性聽眾尤其重要。男性往往發現他們的家人-父母、妻子、甚至兄弟姐妹-以他們從事何種事業來定義他們的成功。為何如此?為何我們期待男性應擔負養家的責任、必須留在職場中,當許多男性或許寧願提供關懷、而非現金?寧願與他們的人生伴侶達成另一種平衡,如投資於事業一樣投資於家庭。有位男性寫信告訴我,他放棄了工作,因為顯然他孩子的成長潛力比他公司的成長潛力更大,這種做法沒什麼不妥。因此再強調一次,我希望你們記住這三個重點、守則或原則:關懷與事業一樣重要,心與頭腦一樣重要,家庭與名聲一樣重要。這些建議對身為猶他州這所大學畢業生的你們尤其重要。猶他州的第一批居民:高夏特人、休休尼人、尤特人、派尤特人和納瓦霍人努力工作且過著群體生活,他們關懷彼此與這片土地,當白人移民前來,他們在邊境創造相當獨特的分工生活。猶他州並非獨行俠的土地,它是擁有摘桃子、剝玉米殼、縫紉、合作蓋穀倉和許多其他群體活動的土地。在猶他州,許多健壯的女性與男性兼顧家庭與農場工作,猶他州女性於1870年獲得投票權,繼懷俄明州之後第二個地區,早於其他各州,那是1870年,比憲法第19修正案早50年。猶他州,如你們在州徽上所見,如你們所知,又名蜂巢州。對蜂巢州來說,職業道德如群體生活般堅不可摧。因此邁開腳步,擁抱你的親人,感謝他們,用心對待他們,以這個偉大的教育為基礎,繼續學習與成長。努力奮鬥、努力工作,但永遠、永遠騰出時間,付諸珍貴、不可或缺且無價的關懷,十分感謝。
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That lesson that family is just as important as fame is particularly important for the men in the audience. It is men who often still find that their families—their parents, their wives, even their siblings—that their families define their life success in terms of what they do for a living.Why is that? Why should we expect men to be the constant provider, to stay in the workplace, when perhaps many men would rather provide care rather than cash?Would rather reach a different balance with their life partners to invest in their families as well as in their careers.One man wrote me that he had left his job when it was clear that the growth potential of his children was greater than the growth potential of his company. And there’s nothing wrong with that.So one more time, here are the three points, precepts, principles that I hope you will remember: Care is as important as career, heart is as important as head and family is as important as fame. These are propositions that are particularly relevant for all of you as graduates of this university in this state. The first inhabitants of this state, the Goshutes, the Shoshone, the Utes, the Paiutes and the Navajos worked hard but lived communally. They cared for each other and for the land. When the white settlers came, they created a very distinctive diversion of life on the frontier. Utah was not the land of the lone ranger. It was the land of peach cutting bees, of husking bees, of quilting bees and of barn-raisings and many other communal activities. It was a state in which many strong women and men invested in their families as much as in their farms. And in which women got the right to vote in 1870—the second territory to do so, after Wyoming, and before any of the states. In 1870, 50 years before the 19th Amendment.Utah, as you see on the seal, as you know, is the beehive state. The beehive state for a work ethic that is as communal as it is strong.So go forth. Hug your loved ones today. Thank them and hold them close to your hearts. Build on this great education and continue to learn and to grow. Strive and struggle and work really hard. But always, always make room for the precious indispensable and priceless work of care.Thank you very much.