1 00:00:00,000 --> 00:00:03,890 And welcome to the emerging technologies conference. 2 00:00:03,890 --> 00:00:12,420 Here at MIT, over the next two days you will see dozens of the most exciting emerging technologies. 3 00:00:12,420 --> 00:00:17,510 And a ---- speakers will explain you why they matter. 4 00:00:17,510 --> 00:00:22,440 I hope there'll be a great deal of informed if vigorous debates. 5 00:00:22,440 --> 00:00:30,370 I would like just to begin by thanking our partners and sponsors, the government of Spain and Alexandra 6 00:00:30,370 --> 00:00:34,680 And Penton who helps us put on this conference every year. 7 00:00:34,680 --> 00:00:43,070 I actually won't be your master ceremony for the next two days. That job is our editor-at-large huh Bob Duderic 8 00:00:43,070 --> 00:00:47,070 And I am going to hand it to Bob who tell you ----. 9 00:00:47,070 --> 00:00:57,590 So thank you all very much for coming and I hope you'll have a great of them. Thank you. 10 00:00:57,590 --> 00:01:02,000 Thank you thank you Jason and welcome again to all of you. 11 00:01:02,000 --> 00:01:08,390 We really appreciate to coming out we think we have a great two days for you. 12 00:01:08,390 --> 00:01:15,450 As you know when we explore emerging technologies, it's not just about the new technologies that are coming down the pike. 13 00:01:15,450 --> 00:01:21,480 But why they matter and how they affect business, society, and Personal lives. 14 00:01:21,480 --> 00:01:26,970 And the United States specially has succeeded so well in the past years, for decades. 15 00:01:26,970 --> 00:01:40,140 Because of the incredible mix of this innovation machine from venture capital to start-up opportunities to education system to big companies to the government as well. 16 00:01:40,140 --> 00:01:45,620 And all these views enroll to the represented of these two days. 17 00:01:45,620 --> 00:01:56,470 So to start things off... We are going to introduce our first speaker Nicolas Negroponte, who has played a pioneering role himself in the Digital Age. 18 00:01:56,470 --> 00:02:10,950 The founding chairman of the MIT media lab that began earlier investigation of the things like digital graphics, personalized news, types of interfaces such as voice or gesture recognition. 19 00:02:10,950 --> 00:02:19,150 And a wealth of areas that has been copied down, built on and hence literally around the world. 20 00:02:19,150 --> 00:02:29,930 Now Nicolas has applied his energies to bring a Digital Age to emerging nations with his 100$ laptop project. 21 00:02:29,930 --> 00:02:36,780 When I contacted him to ask him to come speaking he said it was perhaps the most important thing he has worked on in his life. 22 00:02:36,780 --> 00:02:48,420 So without further deal, let me bring up Nicolas Negroponte. 23 00:02:48,420 --> 00:02:50,030 OK Thank you 24 00:02:50,030 --> 00:02:54,950 Uh it is the most important thing I have ever done in my life. 25 00:02:54,950 --> 00:03:07,000 It's also the first project in my life where the elevator story is 20 seconds. Uh the reception it's received worldwide has been absolutely incredible. 26 00:03:07,000 --> 00:03:10,130 And the press has…there hasn't been one bad word. 27 00:03:10,130 --> 00:03:15,340 So if there's any press in this room may be you can keep it that way. 28 00:03:15,340 --> 00:03:20,330 The idea is simple and it's to look at education. 29 00:03:20,330 --> 00:03:23,690 This is an education project not a laptop project. 30 00:03:23,690 --> 00:03:27,030 And the reason why we interested in education is quite simple. 31 00:03:27,030 --> 00:03:39,690 Not just because we are education institution but because if you take any world problem, any issue on the planet, the big ones, peace, environment, poverty. 32 00:03:39,690 --> 00:03:48,790 The solution to that problem certainly includes education, could even be just education. 33 00:03:48,790 --> 00:03:53,710 And if you have a solution that doesn't include education it's not a solution at all. 34 00:03:53,710 --> 00:04:10,980 So it really is about education and our working primary assumption is that if we can, you know, make education better particularly primary and secondly school, which is not social education. 35 00:04:10,980 --> 00:04:13,820 The place will be a better world. 36 00:04:13,820 --> 00:04:25,550 And the second assumption is just a technology conference is that in emerging nations, not emerging technologies, it’s emerging nations. 37 00:04:25,550 --> 00:04:34,580 The issue is not connectivity, and I say that because most people think it is the issue and write and state that that is the issue. 38 00:04:34,580 --> 00:04:38,780 It was the issue, uh it is not a solved problem. 39 00:04:38,780 --> 00:04:47,100 But there are many people and many systems working on it: WIFI, WI-MAX, 2PRS, 3G, 4G, fiber, and about and on and on and on. 40 00:04:47,100 --> 00:04:53,680 And you can complain about one, you can make it go faster, you can say this is better, you can do that. 41 00:04:53,680 --> 00:05:00,170 But there are so many people working on it, and so many things happening, the regulator regimes are changing. 42 00:05:00,170 --> 00:05:07,360 There is global competitiveness here, as well as local interest and building from the bottom up. 43 00:05:07,360 --> 00:05:12,620 That it's happening, it doesn't need me, it doesn't need MIT, it doesn't need Media lab. 44 00:05:12,620 --> 00:05:17,780 But for education the road block is the laptop. 45 00:05:17,780 --> 00:05:19,760 And so that's the story I want to tell you. 46 00:05:19,760 --> 00:05:30,860 And I will use roughly 30 minutes or more to tell you the story, then open it up for questions for about ten minutes after that. 47 00:05:30,860 --> 00:05:33,030 We are going to start by putting in the context. 48 00:05:33,030 --> 00:05:40,660 A lot of people who suddenly decide that they want to help the developing world do it because they got to a certain age. 49 00:05:40,660 --> 00:05:49,710 They decide this is the ethic ---- and proceed. There is something wrong with that so I want establish in the beginning. 50 00:05:49,710 --> 00:05:53,390 This is something that we've been doing for over 30 years. 51 00:05:53,390 --> 00:06:02,450 And never in my life, I shouldn't admit this perhaps, have I ever made a PowerPoint 52 00:06:02,450 --> 00:06:04,830 In fact I have ridiculed PowerPoint. 53 00:06:04,830 --> 00:06:12,840 I have ridiculed them for people shoe PowerPoint there's a little people dancing and pulling words across the screen and sit there and for nuts to advance it. 54 00:06:12,840 --> 00:06:22,480 And then you go to big cooperation. I sat on a board of Motorola enfold in this closure because I'll talk about communication. 55 00:06:22,480 --> 00:06:30,040 And I see a PowerPoint and I realized at the board when we see a PowerPoint there were probably 35 Power Points before that. 56 00:06:30,040 --> 00:06:37,320 So this one made that one made that one made that what I said may be the world will be more efficient without PowerPoint 57 00:06:37,320 --> 00:06:46,740 So when we made what we never use it didn't read the manual or so is this all blows up, it's just my naiveness 58 00:06:46,740 --> 00:06:55,470 But what I'll do is start and we now need to bring the image from the laptop to the screen. (see the picture) 59 00:06:55,470 --> 00:07:13,200 This goes back to uh, you let me really go back, April 11th 1970, was when Seymour Papert delivered the speech here at MIT to audience likely larger than this one called "Teaching Children Thinking". 60 00:07:13,200 --> 00:07:25,190 And it was the beginning of the program most of you probably know, logo the beginning of the efforts to work on understanding how children learn. 61 00:07:25,190 --> 00:07:34,220 And the first time we did this in a developing country was in Santiago which is pictured here 1983. 62 00:07:34,220 --> 00:07:41,420 And Steve Jobs gave me a couple of hundred of laptops we put in schools outside of the car. 63 00:07:41,420 --> 00:07:43,490 Now you might be interested in the next one. 64 00:07:43,490 --> 00:07:55,140 This is Seymour 23 years ago, those of you who know him, when we started this the IBM PC did not even exit. 65 00:07:55,140 --> 00:08:03,670 What we learned back then is the kids even in the most remote parts of the world take the computer like fish to the water. 66 00:08:03,670 --> 00:08:05,050 That wasn't the issue. 67 00:08:05,050 --> 00:08:15,350 And this didn't scale really, we didn't follows through, but we then started working in Costa Rica starting in 1988. 68 00:08:15,350 --> 00:08:18,320 Costas Arias was the president of the country 69 00:08:18,320 --> 00:08:28,150 It was part of his platform, Seymour works closely with him and with people in Costa Rica they created teaching sort of centers that helped the teachers. 70 00:08:28,150 --> 00:08:30,630 Some teachers can hear at MIT. 71 00:08:30,630 --> 00:08:36,110 If you were the poster-child of computer in development, it's Costa Rica. 72 00:08:36,110 --> 00:08:41,810 If you want to look at the best in class, the longest in class, it's Costa Rica 73 00:08:41,810 --> 00:08:47,110 Now you also can look at Costa Rica today with 51 percent (actually maybe more) 74 00:08:47,110 --> 00:08:54,870 It's over 50 percent of their export integrated circuits bananas and coffee combined are less 75 00:08:54,870 --> 00:09:00,280 And it's really changed the country what didn't happen is it didn't scale out. 76 00:09:00,280 --> 00:09:05,360 In another words it didn't have an effect even on neighboring country, to be honest. 77 00:09:05,360 --> 00:09:07,810 So after that we did little working in Kashmir 78 00:09:07,810 --> 00:09:15,990 This is trying to connect the two sides of Kashmir, India and Pakistan using four years ago, some very long distance. 79 00:09:15,990 --> 00:09:31,350 WIFI that was going to connect schools, and then the next two slides are the ones that affected nethermost in the… since in the year 1999 when money was growing on trees. 80 00:09:31,350 --> 00:09:40,470 And my wife and I built a couple of schools in Cambodia for reasons to long to explain (I have no personal connection to the country). 81 00:09:40,470 --> 00:09:46,840 But we built these schools in villages that have no electricity, no water, no television, not telephone. 82 00:09:46,840 --> 00:09:49,700 And one of the two villages doesn’t even have a road. 83 00:09:49,700 --> 00:09:52,440 When we went last August we couldn't get there. 84 00:09:52,440 --> 00:09:56,050 And I'm talking about last August not 1999, we couldn't get there. 85 00:09:56,050 --> 00:10:03,700 So the point being this is really remote, average income of this village is 47 dollars per year. 86 00:10:03,700 --> 00:10:11,410 And when we built these schools we thought we just built the school and move on, but we didn't. 87 00:10:11,410 --> 00:10:22,950 Our son of that time was unemployed and I said if you can suffer the indignity of working for your dad, want if you go, and spend time and set this up in Cambodia. 88 00:10:22,950 --> 00:10:32,830 You might see a satellite station in the back, connected to the Shino Watro satellite has roughly had the megabit each way. 89 00:10:32,830 --> 00:10:35,780 And because there's no power, you got to put in the generators. 90 00:10:35,780 --> 00:10:39,810 Laptop is power efficient, which is why we use laptops. 91 00:10:39,810 --> 00:10:44,820 This is why we use laptops. And a funny thing happened we told the kids to take the laptops home 92 00:10:44,820 --> 00:10:51,410 Because we have WIFI in the village, it didn't need power at home with a couples of hours, three hours of battery at least. 93 00:10:51,410 --> 00:10:57,550 And the first night they came home, they came back and not one kid opened the laptop. 94 00:10:57,550 --> 00:11:05,390 And so when I asked why, they said "our parents wouldn't allow us to open the laptop because we might break it". 95 00:11:05,390 --> 00:11:15,780 And so we sort of say "no, it's not breakable, you have to been used it in school for goodness sake. Bring it home and here is a little sign document says that you are not responsible." 96 00:11:15,780 --> 00:11:20,870 Not even the parents could even read the document, but at least when they went home and they all opened it. 97 00:11:20,870 --> 00:11:23,570 And the parents loved it. 98 00:11:23,570 --> 00:11:31,460 And the reason the parents loved it among the others was this is the brightest light source in the house. 99 00:11:31,460 --> 00:11:40,360 Ok, this is a one-room house, you everything in one room, everybody sleeps in one room, they are stoves, you do the cooking under the house. 100 00:11:40,360 --> 00:11:43,680 And when the kid opened the laptop illuminated the room. 101 00:11:43,680 --> 00:11:50,520 So talk about working on metaphors and real things at the same time that was pretty extraordinary. 102 00:11:50,520 --> 00:12:00,860 The other thing that happens in this particular project is the first year we did it; the first year we put in the laptops such as now, it was soon before years ago. 103 00:12:00,860 --> 00:12:09,480 We put in the laptops after the first three years, 1 laptop at 50 broke. 104 00:12:09,480 --> 00:12:11,400 Who say why is that true? 105 00:12:11,400 --> 00:12:21,250 By the way the other piece of data is that a hundred percent of the AC adaptors broke. OK, but only one laptop broke. 106 00:12:21,250 --> 00:12:30,320 And why is that is because of our ownership, and the kids polish them and treat them like sort of a new bicycle. 107 00:12:30,320 --> 00:12:38,480 Some of them got their sisters to make little bags for them and they certainly didn't get broken. 108 00:12:38,480 --> 00:12:50,440 One last piece of background in the year 2002, Seymour Papert persuaded the state of Maine to adopt legislation, others were involved or just Seymour 109 00:12:50,440 --> 00:12:59,700 But Angus King was the governor of the state that time, and the state adopted law pasted, one laptop per child. 110 00:12:59,700 --> 00:13:09,590 And by law and Maine kids get a laptop free form the government as part of their education has been in sort of middle school, going up and down. 111 00:13:09,590 --> 00:13:15,920 And I don't know the exact statistics but it's certainly most of the students at this point. 112 00:13:15,920 --> 00:13:25,890 So what we said since communications isn't the problem can we make that laptop cost a hundred dollars? 113 00:13:25,890 --> 00:13:40,650 And to do that the first innovation was to create something called "the one laptop per child", a well PC execute the "per child" than "PC", sort of ambiguous. 114 00:13:40,650 --> 00:13:52,440 The issue here is that by being a non-profit, the alignment of your board of directors is perfect. 115 00:13:52,440 --> 00:13:54,770 Think about it. 116 00:13:54,770 --> 00:14:04,080 I will use Motorola as an example, if somebody makes a ten dollars advance in technology by that I mean 117 00:14:04,080 --> 00:14:15,260 It's the same quality or better quality can be had for ten dollars less in the final handset, who get the ten dollars? 118 00:14:15,260 --> 00:14:22,940 Well, that's easy. My fiduciary, my legal responsibility is for the share holder 119 00:14:22,940 --> 00:14:26,120 Now we may not give all the ten dollars to the share holder. 120 00:14:26,120 --> 00:14:30,870 We might use two of those dollars to lower the price to compete with Nokia. 121 00:14:30,870 --> 00:14:36,630 We might use two of the dollars to fund more research to get more innovations in the future. 122 00:14:36,630 --> 00:14:41,850 But it's all about profit margins, that is the fiduciary's responsibility. 123 00:14:41,850 --> 00:14:52,060 It's not a religion versus another religion, that is what you do, that's what the law says, that's what the whole point is. 124 00:14:52,060 --> 00:14:58,610 So by creating a non-profit as soon as, in this case a non-profit association. 125 00:14:58,610 --> 00:15:07,170 As soon as we make a ten dollar breakthrough namely we can save ten dollars though some technological invents, guess who to get the ten dollars? 126 00:15:07,170 --> 00:15:08,240 The kids. 127 00:15:08,240 --> 00:15:14,540 It becomes the ninety-dollar-laptop, then the eighty-dollar-laptop, then the seventy, sixty and fifty. 128 00:15:14,540 --> 00:15:18,830 And one thing that we have told our government is our price will float. 129 00:15:18,830 --> 00:15:25,340 I’m gonna grantee it's a hundred, maybe a hundred and fifteen the first time. 130 00:15:25,340 --> 00:15:33,040 So we get, it's going to float, you’re going to get that cost and whatever the price is hereafter it's going down, not up. 131 00:15:33,040 --> 00:15:34,660 It's gonna go down. 132 00:15:34,660 --> 00:15:39,470 And that's part of the structure and it's really very very important. 133 00:15:39,470 --> 00:15:52,090 Scale is important but not just for the obvious reasons, not just because you can buy… you know, one million components for less you can buy a hundred or a hundred thousand. 134 00:15:52,090 --> 00:15:57,660 Scale is important because of mind set and attitude and share. 135 00:15:57,660 --> 00:16:02,820 I go, I leave the companies nameless but god this is happen many times, I go to a company. 136 00:16:02,820 --> 00:16:08,770 And I say we really want you to work on this problem, the low end, the small size, the… 137 00:16:08,770 --> 00:16:12,540 They say, no, it's not on my roadmap. 138 00:16:12,540 --> 00:16:16,650 We’re all interested in that, we want in the case of this place, we want the living room. 139 00:16:16,650 --> 00:16:21,120 The case of this, so we want two hundred gigabytes disks of the sizes of a penny 140 00:16:21,120 --> 00:16:25,920 I can take any of the technologies that they use in laptop 141 00:16:25,920 --> 00:16:34,130 And get the same response, the strategy, the direction of the company is into bigger ,better, smaller… 142 00:16:34,130 --> 00:16:41,420 Into I come in and say, I don't care how big it is, I really want very few in the case of disks, very few bits. 143 00:16:41,420 --> 00:16:47,110 And I need very low cost, it's not on their roadmap and so you are immediately dismissed. 144 00:16:47,110 --> 00:16:51,910 And you say "oh, gee, that's too bad because I need two hundred million units." 145 00:16:51,910 --> 00:16:53,170 Then they say "oh wait, wait a minute." 146 00:16:53,170 --> 00:17:02,400 "May be that can be part of my strategy, and so what happens is scale gets through strategy, not just component cause." 147 00:17:02,400 --> 00:17:07,810 I put free there meaning that the country, country that gives it to the kids free. 148 00:17:07,810 --> 00:17:12,870 I made a presentation the other day, and somebody questioned that and I realized that I'd never said it 149 00:17:12,870 --> 00:17:24,220 So I put a note on myself and the last is we need cooperate partners to get started to launch and to launch the design, to launch to work, to get office out of there, get moving. 150 00:17:24,220 --> 00:17:36,780 And the cooperate sponsors are very important to us, they happen to be Google, AMD, News Corp, Red Hat and Bright Star, and there are three more lurking. 151 00:17:36,780 --> 00:17:44,780 What those eight do is putting in a sufficient amount of money, 25 percent is at MIT, 75 percent is at the one laptop per child. 152 00:17:44,780 --> 00:17:48,890 Non-profit association and this bring it to life. 153 00:17:48,890 --> 00:18:00,200 And then the countries pay in advance for a million units per country to actually get the scale and momentum gone. 154 00:18:00,200 --> 00:18:04,010 And that's really an important piece to the puzzle. 155 00:18:04,010 --> 00:18:12,190 Now let me tell you a bit about it. Actually you know when you use PowerPoint, you can… 156 00:18:12,190 --> 00:18:18,350 You know I always get worry about senility and I always used to give all of my speeches impromptuously 157 00:18:18,350 --> 00:18:23,330 And I say what happens to you to get senior moments, well a PowerPoint is for the senior moment. 158 00:18:23,330 --> 00:18:26,590 And so that's what I'm supposed to tell you. 159 00:18:26,590 --> 00:18:33,040 I was told (I' m not going to leave names out) but because of my age and what I've been doing sort of know all these people. 160 00:18:33,040 --> 00:18:35,580 I've known them since their childhood. 161 00:18:35,580 --> 00:18:42,950 And one of them said it is impossible which impossible at MIT it's a cold work for do it. 162 00:18:42,950 --> 00:18:48,020 And so we decide to do it ourselves. Laptop economics are interesting. 163 00:18:48,020 --> 00:18:58,040 Very quickly and broad brush, fifty percent of the cost of the laptop, sorry fifty percent of the price of the laptop is sells marketing distribution profit those things. 164 00:18:58,040 --> 00:18:59,350 We have none of that. 165 00:18:59,350 --> 00:19:06,200 So all we looking at the other fifty percent, to break it into two parts, the display and everything else. 166 00:19:06,200 --> 00:19:20,380 The display is where the media labs technology and some new faculty Marylu Jackson, particular who joined the faculty in January and who is the chief technology official of OLPC at the moment. 167 00:19:20,380 --> 00:19:24,790 She was the CTO of the Intel's display division before that. 168 00:19:24,790 --> 00:19:29,910 And so a lot of expertise to bring the cost down to 35 dollars 169 00:19:29,910 --> 00:19:31,980 And I will tell you about the display at the moment. 170 00:19:31,980 --> 00:19:44,950 And the rest of your laptop, I am sorry to say is at least 75 percent there to support the weight of the operating system. 171 00:19:44,950 --> 00:19:49,130 What's happened is our software not just picking on Microsoft 172 00:19:49,130 --> 00:19:59,590 This is true for Adobe; it's true for all software (sorry if you in the room) everybody who makes the software invariably and inextricably is worse than the previous one. 173 00:19:59,590 --> 00:20:05,060 And why is that true because people sit around the room chat like that this feature let's say that feature. 174 00:20:05,060 --> 00:20:12,330 So now I got you just try load a PDF and you're sitting with the three gigahertz machines waiting and waiting and waiting. 175 00:20:12,330 --> 00:20:18,580 What's wrong with these people? Let's gotten so fat, so slow and so unreliable. 176 00:20:18,580 --> 00:20:24,950 So what are we do? We start over and skin it down and even skinning Linux, and skinning open source. 177 00:20:24,950 --> 00:20:31,700 And that wipes out 75 percent of the cost of the rest of the cost of the machine. 178 00:20:31,700 --> 00:20:38,970 And it gives you a faster uh….a faster user experience. 179 00:20:38,970 --> 00:20:54,770 The dual mode display is simply one that works like any, like a DVD player, full color, sort of small 7.5 inch screen, transmissive display in one mode. 180 00:20:54,770 --> 00:21:04,440 But in the second mode, this is kind of the cute and perhaps technical key here in mode No.2 is what you scroll or switch software doesn't matter. 181 00:21:04,440 --> 00:21:13,480 In mode No.2, it's black and white 4 ex resolution reflective sunlight readable display. 182 00:21:13,480 --> 00:21:18,620 The kids and take it into the sun and read it like a book uses very little power 183 00:21:18,620 --> 00:21:25,580 And that by having the dual mode, you've got something that is both an electronic book and a laptop. 184 00:21:25,580 --> 00:21:36,180 And that key, now to explain why later, obviously have to be robust, and our case has to be windup, many of the place don't have power, USB’s and the rest. 185 00:21:36,180 --> 00:21:43,880 OK, it’s just another advantage of PowerPoint, you don't have to say things. Sometimes you can read it in PowerPoints. 186 00:21:43,880 --> 00:21:49,160 Parallel open source unequivocally and open means many different things 187 00:21:49,160 --> 00:21:54,170 People probably in the room, some of you know a lot more about it than I do. 188 00:21:54,170 --> 00:22:04,690 I use the Wikipedia. How many people in this room use the Wikipedia? I am expected. 189 00:22:04,690 --> 00:22:10,830 But the fact is only about 50 percent of the hands makes you better than most audiences 190 00:22:10,830 --> 00:22:15,830 But those of you who are part of the fifty percent who didn't raise your hand 191 00:22:15,830 --> 00:22:20,690 Please this evening, that's to spelling up there, go to Wikipedia. 192 00:22:20,690 --> 00:22:22,360 It's an amazing phenomenon. 193 00:22:22,360 --> 00:22:29,180 It's by far the best encyclopedia on the planet and getting better and better open source in a different way. 194 00:22:29,180 --> 00:22:37,380 It's the readers who make the entries, it is so fresh so current that you go look up yourself your probably in it. 195 00:22:37,380 --> 00:22:42,470 And you find things that refer to you, things you've done three week ago. 196 00:22:42,470 --> 00:22:48,270 So it's quite an extraordinary phenomenon. 197 00:22:48,270 --> 00:22:52,940 So the Wikipedia is really important to us. 198 00:22:52,940 --> 00:22:57,840 Mesh network is simply the idea that each laptop when you open it up 199 00:22:57,840 --> 00:23:09,380 It's a node in a mesh, it is not just WIFI going to an AX’s point or going back to a WIMAX tower. 200 00:23:09,380 --> 00:23:20,280 I knew the reason I didn't want to put this in my pocket but I was being dutiful and obeying when asked. So, let me move it. 201 00:23:20,280 --> 00:23:28,570 And I put it to this pocket. Here we go. Ok. 202 00:23:28,570 --> 00:23:39,300 The mesh network means we have one on campus one of the first ever installed is one that we help design and Taipei that has ten thousand nodes blanking the entire city 203 00:23:39,300 --> 00:23:45,760 Where each point communicates with its neighbors, they communicate with their neighbors, and the way you communicate 204 00:23:45,760 --> 00:23:53,540 Let's say this person in front to that is signal works this way, and each cell phone, our laptops, the router , become a mesh. 205 00:23:53,540 --> 00:23:59,480 So when the kids open up their laptop there’re mesh, they create a network where network doesn't exist 206 00:23:59,480 --> 00:24:07,500 And more importantly just one or two of the laptops need to go back to the backbone and all the kids are connected. 207 00:24:07,500 --> 00:24:15,770 And it's amazing if you do a synchronous kind of application, where there is e-mail, web browsing and so on. 208 00:24:15,770 --> 00:24:25,550 Two megabits can serve a thousand kids hands down, if you got two megabits for a thousand kids you are in great shape. 209 00:24:25,550 --> 00:24:35,230 This way, you are not in such a great shape, the other ways you are certainly not in terrific shape if you start downloading video. 210 00:24:35,230 --> 00:24:38,060 Great markets are big deal to us. 211 00:24:38,060 --> 00:24:42,100 I don't want to take the time to tell you how we are solving it completely. 212 00:24:42,100 --> 00:24:50,900 But it's the case; it's not just when you ship a thousand machines into a country that five hundred disappear in customs. 213 00:24:50,900 --> 00:24:57,160 That's one kind of great market, the other kind where people steal them and that's the second one. 214 00:24:57,160 --> 00:25:08,900 So one it's the hardest for me is for example in Brazil and other country where there's a program with the government provides shoes to the kids. 215 00:25:08,900 --> 00:25:14,680 The parents take the shoes, sell the shoes and the kid goes to school bear foot anyway 216 00:25:14,680 --> 00:25:17,560 And that's the great market we want to address. 217 00:25:17,560 --> 00:25:24,960 And one way to address it is to have no market to buy them and to fill that market in different ways which we plan to do both. 218 00:25:24,960 --> 00:25:33,220 And also to have a machine that so distinctive in it's only in the education channels, it’s only given by the government 219 00:25:33,220 --> 00:25:37,080 And it's only made available to the kids and primary secondary school. 220 00:25:37,080 --> 00:25:45,750 It become a little bit like stealing a post office truck. I mean how many people drive around in black market post office trucks. 221 00:25:45,750 --> 00:25:52,590 They don't or even black market military jeeps they just stolen because they kind of look like jeeps. 222 00:25:52,590 --> 00:25:58,920 Now maybe in some country there are military jeeps on the black market but the point being that is not distinctive enough. 223 00:25:58,920 --> 00:26:10,160 You can do it and that's why I want to tell you a little bit of about the design of it, having a parallel commercial channel is also important. 224 00:26:10,160 --> 00:26:18,520 And we will do that, we will license or give it to a third party to make available commercially. 225 00:26:18,520 --> 00:26:24,400 Maybe it become available commercially at two hundred dollars. 226 00:26:24,400 --> 00:26:34,990 And that will happen then you maybe might to see 20 or 30 dollars of them come back to OLPC to make the kids' laptop cost 70 or 80 dollars. 227 00:26:34,990 --> 00:26:40,150 So you can have across a substitute system, since this is all being worked out at the moment 228 00:26:40,150 --> 00:26:46,080 Design is important, a lot of people who make low-end product think 229 00:26:46,080 --> 00:26:55,120 Low-end is not just cheap but it's got to look cheap and so on. We certainly don't, it's inherent in the media lab but I think it's also a good one. 230 00:26:55,120 --> 00:27:01,160 So this is the current design with the current thinking I will show you a few slide. 231 00:27:01,160 --> 00:27:10,770 The windup laptop. it does… you can set that crank slips out and details can slip in. 232 00:27:10,770 --> 00:27:15,500 You can replace the crank with an AC adapter. 233 00:27:15,500 --> 00:27:21,060 But the point is it's a laptop but it can be including WIFI, run through cranking. 234 00:27:21,060 --> 00:27:28,570 I receive this image at midnight last night from Design Continuum who are the designers of this machine. 235 00:27:28,570 --> 00:27:35,520 They have done an extraordinary job, unbelievable job and this particular version you may not be able to see it. 236 00:27:35,520 --> 00:27:44,050 When you close it it's sort of hermetically seals, because these machines will probably, not definitely, be made of rubber. 237 00:27:44,050 --> 00:27:48,350 And they have to be absolutely indestructible. 238 00:27:48,350 --> 00:27:55,750 When you close the machine the cylinder that has all the power, power management, as well as the power 239 00:27:55,750 --> 00:28:02,500 Is the handle you have lot of space to personalize that. Here is one little skimp 240 00:28:02,500 --> 00:28:08,890 Uh, I'm sorry we didn't overnight have little lines like you could get on this… 241 00:28:08,890 --> 00:28:14,320 This class notebook you could put on your name because we think we might engrave each kids' name on their laptop. 242 00:28:14,320 --> 00:28:20,270 And I don't want you from the image to think we have a sign deal with United Nations. 243 00:28:20,270 --> 00:28:32,510 We have a Memorandum of Understanding in process we are talking to every entity in the United Nations, and so we are but I don't want that to, somebody in the press to say, we have a UN machine. 244 00:28:32,510 --> 00:28:38,620 I just couldn't, this was done and I think we are going in this direction we don't have it yet. 245 00:28:38,620 --> 00:28:47,440 Laptop works in multiple modes, I said e-book, as well as a laptop that's absolutely important. 246 00:28:47,440 --> 00:28:53,690 There are other ways of using it, it will have… you can use it like a tablet, you can use it for calligraphy. 247 00:28:53,690 --> 00:28:57,620 Or you can set it up so it’s basically a TV set. 248 00:28:57,620 --> 00:29:00,670 And it's…in that regard a com-media 249 00:29:00,670 --> 00:29:11,560 One of the cutest details is that the AC cord is the strap, and the strap has not only the AC power cord but the AC adaptor in it 250 00:29:11,560 --> 00:29:16,980 And of course there’re multiple things. So we can imagine all sorts of… 251 00:29:16,980 --> 00:29:25,120 Third party markets growing up around it, you may have seen 4 USB ports, that's very important. 252 00:29:25,120 --> 00:29:36,720 And the idea of having different ways of generating power one I don't know if it was Ted Celkor himself, who’s one of the students of the media lab 253 00:29:36,720 --> 00:29:45,070 Had proposed the system where the crank comes out the side and you rap a string around it then hang a heavy stone on the string. 254 00:29:45,070 --> 00:29:52,610 And it works like cuckoo clock, and it’s that the stone goes dropping down slowly. 255 00:29:52,610 --> 00:29:58,580 It's powered when pull the line and bring it up again and down it goes.... of course yo have to anchor the other side of the laptop down to the table 256 00:29:58,580 --> 00:30:06,560 But there are many ways to generating power and using a heavy stone is certainly one of them. 257 00:30:06,560 --> 00:30:11,530 Now how we rolling this out? 258 00:30:11,530 --> 00:30:19,530 It's very… again the number have to be big the beta units will be a number like five to fifteen million 259 00:30:19,530 --> 00:30:29,560 And maybe beta is the right word; it's the sort of the first large numbers that would come out roughly a year from now. 260 00:30:29,560 --> 00:30:38,250 We have five countries: China, Brazil, Thailand, Egypt and South Africa. 261 00:30:38,250 --> 00:30:42,820 South Africa is the least developed at the moment. 262 00:30:42,820 --> 00:30:51,300 Brazil is the most developed at the moment, and Brazil is not only the most developing the most advanced in this area. 263 00:30:51,300 --> 00:30:59,190 It's the one that in many ways the most compactable, its culture is the bottom of culture, its culture is one that really… 264 00:30:59,190 --> 00:31:04,170 I mean come on if you can do the samba you need the laptop. Ok, they go together. 265 00:31:04,170 --> 00:31:16,820 And so we picked very big countries and China… China is difficult to deal with on the other hand, there’re two hundred and twenty million students in primary and secondary school in China 266 00:31:16,820 --> 00:31:24,460 Over fifty percent of the kids in primary and secondary school on the whole planet are in China and India 267 00:31:24,460 --> 00:31:31,030 So you can't do it without India, we haven't start dealing with India at the moment, but china, Brazil, Thailand 268 00:31:31,030 --> 00:31:36,350 Thailand is so excited, Tuxon Shinowatra wanted to give me a purchase order at lunch. 269 00:31:36,350 --> 00:31:42,160 And I said "Tuxon, don't, wait till November 17th, look at the machines, see if you like it." 270 00:31:42,160 --> 00:31:53,250 "See if we’re credible. you trust me, but you know, who would read the bill a hundred million units. Now we have the people to do that, but see at first." 271 00:31:53,250 --> 00:32:01,260 So November 17th that's the world summit for the information society in Tunis, we were launched with what we called "tethered prototype". 272 00:32:01,260 --> 00:32:12,830 So it be a prototype similar to the images you saw before with real screens, real keyboards and the processors may be under the table to drive and then the debug the use interface and so on. 273 00:32:12,830 --> 00:32:22,420 By year 2,I mean 12 months after launch, so year two, Maybe December of 2007, but then to shot for one hundred to a hundred and fifty million units. 274 00:32:22,420 --> 00:32:32,580 Now we are not necessarily going to make them all but just put that number in context the world’s production of laptops today is at the end of this year, will not quite hit fifty million. 275 00:32:32,580 --> 00:32:39,340 So we are talking about in year two three times the current world production of laptops. 276 00:32:39,340 --> 00:32:45,000 Admittedly they are hundred dollar laptops, there are not thousand dollar or two thousand dollar laptops. 277 00:32:45,000 --> 00:32:59,090 I want to…sort of close and get toward the end here with the ten minutes so maybe even fifteen as promise to talk about sort of the future, because MIT is about the futures. 278 00:32:59,090 --> 00:33:09,700 And some of the people in the lab say, they mean, Nicolas this is a media lab stuff, you know, this is manufacturing, this is supply chain this is 279 00:33:09,700 --> 00:33:18,220 You know getting the price down, it's not inventing the future. Well, it's the tool, it's the Wikipedia equivalent. 280 00:33:18,220 --> 00:33:29,500 May be it’s inventing in the future in the sense, that is 5 hundred or 8 hundred million kids now have this kind of access, then you will be helping invention itself. 281 00:33:29,500 --> 00:33:37,690 But we still in parallel work not only on the content side of it, which we haven't even talked about, but also some futures. 282 00:33:37,690 --> 00:33:44,450 But the content side is an interesting discussion because you can say well it’s Wikipedia type things. 283 00:33:44,450 --> 00:33:50,700 You know, each country will do it and that's actually a perfect good answer, and that align share the answer. 284 00:33:50,700 --> 00:34:01,060 But there's the life work that Seymour Pepert, Allen K, Mitch Resnick, all the rumors on this team who will use this as a platform for the work they are doing 285 00:34:01,060 --> 00:34:08,600 If you know SQUICK, it will be on there; it will be running. If you know SCRATCH, by as on its names, it will be in there, it will be running. 286 00:34:08,600 --> 00:34:19,370 But it's not content in the sense somebody's written a book like a encyclopedia, it's the tools that the kids use to be inventive, to be creative and so on. 287 00:34:19,370 --> 00:34:26,830 So in the hardware side we certainly were work with printed and flexible displays 288 00:34:26,830 --> 00:34:34,390 I will show you my favorite it may not be the one is used but that's my favorite, because it is invented in the media lab 289 00:34:34,390 --> 00:34:39,980 And that is the built; a display that is not only flexible and flat. 290 00:34:39,980 --> 00:34:44,710 In this case a target of 10 cents per square - inch. 291 00:34:44,710 --> 00:34:47,060 But they can be printed. 292 00:34:47,060 --> 00:34:49,410 Use rolls/rollers printing. 293 00:34:49,410 --> 00:34:57,110 Eh, print in there you know most like set of red, green, blue or magenta, cyan, yellow and black 294 00:34:57,110 --> 00:35:05,090 And doing that kind of either additive or subtractive printing that we know from the world today copies and printing presses 295 00:35:05,090 --> 00:35:18,800 Here print electronics you print displays, if you haven't seen e-ink display, it's absolutely fantastic. I bring it with me, and show it again to heads of the states, and they’re knocked over. 296 00:35:18,800 --> 00:35:26,660 Now I'm walking around of the only… I don't have it with me this morning, but I walked around with one of the only 10 inch panels from the planet. 297 00:35:26,660 --> 00:35:35,790 And e-ink the company which I have no involvement, but it’s been out of the Media lab is willing to let me have it and sort of once a couple of weeks. 298 00:35:35,790 --> 00:35:41,340 I sent another photograph of the head of a state holding it, which can ends up in their lobby. 299 00:35:41,340 --> 00:35:48,840 And as long as I can do that, once or twice or three times a month, then they are happy to let me keep this prototype which is quite precious. 300 00:35:48,840 --> 00:35:58,130 But it’s the direction we’re going, and it's important because there’s no power consumption when the page is displayed. It’s a bi-stable display 301 00:35:58,130 --> 00:36:02,020 And to change that display takes very little… 302 00:36:02,020 --> 00:36:12,960 Our target in the crank, this is a question often asked, is to have a ten to one ratio; crank for one minute you get ten minutes of use. 303 00:36:12,960 --> 00:36:21,560 And we certainly can do that, remembers to dual mode display we can do that for the e-book mode, not clear we can do it for the DVD mode. We are working on. 304 00:36:21,560 --> 00:36:29,540 With e-ink, we will have a hundred to one crank ratio, crank for one minute, you will get a hundred minute 305 00:36:29,540 --> 00:36:40,900 In the power consumption, it’s absolutely critical, we are working on this in parallel and then lastly we are working in parallel on a project. 306 00:36:40,900 --> 00:36:49,840 The museum of modern arts in New York has agreed to help us curate– their word for research is curate 307 00:36:49,840 --> 00:37:02,540 To curate it and Rebecca Allen is leading that project while she's got thirteen household name designers looking at this as a future product. 308 00:37:02,540 --> 00:37:12,920 This is Hartman Esinger, he is not one of the thirteen in the list but I show this because it was printed in the New York Times about ten months ago. 309 00:37:12,920 --> 00:37:21,860 As a future laptop on the single printed sheet and I think his vision of that at least what he showed is pretty good. 310 00:37:21,860 --> 00:37:32,750 And I think with that I will stop one and go to questions because in many ways questions are always more important. 311 00:37:32,750 --> 00:37:46,500 Even with notes and even with PowerPoints, I will never get you know get everything out and question in this room unfortunately requires a guest to stand up and walks to the microphone. 312 00:37:46,500 --> 00:37:55,400 Which intimidate usually 90 percent of the people but doesn't intimidate Stewart Brand, it never has… 313 00:37:55,400 --> 00:37:59,710 So, go ahead. 314 00:37:59,710 --> 00:38:02,020 Hello, ------- from ZDNet Palm. 315 00:38:02,020 --> 00:38:10,830 Recently there has been a crack down in countries like China, on free expression to distribute respect to blogging 316 00:38:10,830 --> 00:38:23,700 So you know how do you feel personally I guess about the fact you maybe...that you get this effect on your foot that essentially equips children with the tools of freedom. 317 00:38:23,700 --> 00:38:33,790 But that ultimately the power of that platform is suppressed by the government that having the technology out in the first place. 318 00:38:33,790 --> 00:38:41,340 It's just to rephrase your question a little bit; the power they tried to suppress is probably the quite phrasing. 319 00:38:41,340 --> 00:38:53,140 I am very honest not just with the Chinese, but with every head of states, and I say we are selling you as an idea a Trojan horse. 320 00:38:53,140 --> 00:38:57,440 And I can tell you about the outside of the Trojan horse or the inside of the Trojan horse. 321 00:38:57,440 --> 00:39:00,160 And he said we don't want to know about the inside. Ok, that's fine. 322 00:39:00,160 --> 00:39:03,820 But the Trojan horse in the form of an e-book so we… 323 00:39:03,820 --> 00:39:12,530 In China, I’ve been there for six weeks; they spend nineteen dollars per year per child on textbooks. 324 00:39:12,530 --> 00:39:15,670 So I said to the minister of the education it is a piece of cake. 325 00:39:15,670 --> 00:39:24,430 We will deliver this as a textbook with the textbook in it, and you amortize it over 5 years and it's twenty dollars. 326 00:39:24,430 --> 00:39:32,340 Ok, so it makes twenty two if you want to charge some interest or twenty five may be. This can go through the textbook channel. 327 00:39:32,340 --> 00:39:37,350 In Brazil the federal government pays for textbooks for all the kids, so they already doing that. 328 00:39:37,350 --> 00:39:47,500 So goes to the textbooks channel and textbooks to textbooks. Now, all I am saying is that I avoid your question because then the kids will do that. 329 00:39:47,500 --> 00:39:52,640 That's the inside of the Trojan horse and I believe what happen I know it will happen. 330 00:39:52,640 --> 00:39:54,210 That's how we manage it. 331 00:39:54,210 --> 00:39:54,740 Stewart. 332 00:39:54,740 --> 00:40:01,430 Hi Nicolas, saw these years you've been researcher, now you are a developer. 333 00:40:01,430 --> 00:40:06,680 Media lab is ---- for not to develop the things because that’s a corporeal sponsor’s for. 334 00:40:06,680 --> 00:40:14,370 You probably saw things well develop and badly developed from research your product the media lab’s product 335 00:40:14,370 --> 00:40:18,140 Now you are on the other side of that fence, how does it? 336 00:40:18,140 --> 00:40:23,550 Please note that I’m not on the other side of the fence, and actually on the fence. 337 00:40:23,550 --> 00:40:26,170 Ok, and that makes it so makes it so interesting. 338 00:40:26,170 --> 00:40:30,950 By being on the fence, we can be both. 339 00:40:30,950 --> 00:40:34,750 And we are not releasing a commercial machine. 340 00:40:34,750 --> 00:40:40,500 Government wouldn't talk to me, if I’m just putting out a commercial machine. 341 00:40:40,500 --> 00:40:49,090 I didn't mention that last Thursday the governor of Massachusetts announced legislation for one laptop per child. 342 00:40:49,090 --> 00:41:02,110 And I was standing beside him when he made the announcement had this pressed. It was on hour long. And I was standing, there’s my physical model of our laptop, to show what we are doing at MIT 343 00:41:02,110 --> 00:41:08,800 Michael Dell cannot by the law be standing beside the governor of Massachusetts at that press conference. 344 00:41:08,800 --> 00:41:15,980 By being a non-profit, by being on both sides of the fence and by doing this for that particular channel. 345 00:41:15,980 --> 00:41:23,990 And saying the commercial one, if it's Dell, The Novel, Apple, Microsoft whomever brings the other one to market. 346 00:41:23,990 --> 00:41:30,040 Be my guest to figure it out or figure out the relationship but I am not the developer in that sense 347 00:41:30,040 --> 00:41:34,650 And it's very important, but we are on the fence first as one side. 348 00:41:34,650 --> 00:41:44,620 Eh, US education in the cities could be used this kind of typical technologies 349 00:41:44,620 --> 00:41:57,580 But how do we break through the… what we call the education Mafia in terms of public education and down into the teaching in the classrooms themselves. 350 00:41:57,580 --> 00:42:07,890 Where the teachers themselves are gonna have be brought into the use of this as a tool? 351 00:42:07,890 --> 00:42:13,840 Well, our experience in United States is from the state of Maine. 352 00:42:13,840 --> 00:42:21,760 And in 2002 the state of Maine adopted this, it certainly was controversial and there were a lot of debates. 353 00:42:21,760 --> 00:42:29,640 A lot of people fighting against this including people from the education world in Maine, teachers… 354 00:42:29,640 --> 00:42:39,980 So, and you had teachers who were against this, teachers who were apprehensive, and teachers who love it, the way kind of these things, you would expect them to be. 355 00:42:39,980 --> 00:42:45,220 As soon as the laptop starting going through schools two things happen. 356 00:42:45,220 --> 00:42:56,610 One is that not one single person went from being enthusiastic the other way, not one. 357 00:42:56,610 --> 00:43:05,030 And many if not all have gone to this enthusiastic side of the equation, that really is quite important, we haven't had any defectors. 358 00:43:05,030 --> 00:43:10,880 And everybody has really sort of migrated to our side of the equation. 359 00:43:10,880 --> 00:43:15,720 But the second, much more powerful I think, result has three parts. 360 00:43:15,720 --> 00:43:21,670 One is truancy drops to almost zero, I don't know where the real number, it has been dropped, plummeted. 361 00:43:21,670 --> 00:43:25,100 PTA meeting the attendance sky rocketed. 362 00:43:25,100 --> 00:43:31,710 Ok, and perhaps the most important, kids' participation in the classroom got better and better and better 363 00:43:31,710 --> 00:43:37,270 It's nothing to do with the laptop as shush, It's the influence of the whole program. 364 00:43:37,270 --> 00:43:44,620 So I think that the naysayer in fact affected the governor announcer remember we are republic governor and democratic state. 365 00:43:44,620 --> 00:43:49,110 So the press like, you knows can sit there eat them up no matter what you says. 366 00:43:49,110 --> 00:43:56,790 But on the other hand you know it still be very optimistic even the Massachusetts, because the next day in the newspaper. 367 00:43:56,790 --> 00:44:01,690 There was somebody from the teachers' union who said "you know who need this? We need more teachers." 368 00:44:01,690 --> 00:44:08,800 Well it turns out it costs a lot more to add more teachers and I think its effect is a lot less. 369 00:44:08,800 --> 00:44:18,430 By having the laptops the kids suddenly are leveraged, they are doing much more peer-to-peer learning, much more learning outside school. 370 00:44:18,430 --> 00:44:26,730 They own the laptop, it's in their nap set, they take it home it's for music, it's for leisure, it's for reading, it's for playing, it's for everything. 371 00:44:26,730 --> 00:44:31,320 And that integrated view of life as applied to education. 372 00:44:31,320 --> 00:44:39,070 It's far far more powerful and much bigger increment than adding 2 percent more teachers and cheaper. 373 00:44:39,070 --> 00:44:41,070 Yes, sir. 374 00:44:41,070 --> 00:44:43,250 Sadly back to the grey market issues. 375 00:44:43,250 --> 00:44:48,290 Maybe the countries that need this the most have the most corruption problems 376 00:44:48,290 --> 00:44:57,390 Could you touch it a little bit more on the inexplicit design features to make the product less attractive to the 50 percent markets sold out to the custom and sold in white markets. 377 00:44:57,390 --> 00:45:01,450 And yet not impair ---- for the children. 378 00:45:01,450 --> 00:45:09,810 Umm, the grey market is a very serious issue; I don't want to be dismissive of it, for a moment. 379 00:45:09,810 --> 00:45:12,440 And there are three ways of addressing it. 380 00:45:12,440 --> 00:45:19,330 Way.1 is to have no market at all for it, and you can't sell it, who could buy it. 381 00:45:19,330 --> 00:45:27,290 That isn't fully proofed, that's a little bit dreaming, but it's part of the equation. 382 00:45:27,290 --> 00:45:35,550 The second is to put the technologies into the device that help prohibit, you know, stop that. 383 00:45:35,550 --> 00:45:40,360 In Maine these are Apple i-books, in Maine. 384 00:45:40,360 --> 00:45:47,880 So there are not only great stuff to steal and go, we don't necessarily have corruption and that kind of things. 385 00:45:47,880 --> 00:45:56,260 But it's pretty transferable technology, they put little things, so the machine disables itself, after a while they haven't connected to the school. 386 00:45:56,260 --> 00:46:00,640 You can put GPS in it, you can put also some stuff. You can then… 387 00:46:00,640 --> 00:46:14,300 But then the third one much I am doing and I like do it is to makes this machine so distinctive that it is socially a stigma to be carrying one if you are not a child or a teacher. 388 00:46:14,300 --> 00:46:23,070 And you can also take down it to your basement but I hope your spouse will even say "Oh, God! Honey, what did you do?" OK? 389 00:46:23,070 --> 00:46:26,870 You stole from the church; it's like a red cross or something. 390 00:46:26,870 --> 00:46:32,850 So I am hoping that the distinctiveness of the product will be the third one that one may be isn’t thought of that often, 391 00:46:32,850 --> 00:46:39,590 So those three combined, I hope will at least limit this to one percent or two percent. 392 00:46:39,590 --> 00:46:44,590 It's not going make this going into it. Yes Sir. 393 00:46:44,590 --> 00:46:50,040 I have a question related to the education and teaching process. 394 00:46:50,040 --> 00:47:04,630 With such a powerful tool and instrument and such a large key, is it not the moment right now to re-change the content of the teaching processes we all accustomed to. 395 00:47:04,630 --> 00:47:17,600 And especially going to new countries, such as countries in Africa, things like that, well European structure of teaching, it's happening I suppose 396 00:47:17,600 --> 00:47:28,480 It's not the time. Is the process started or is there some initiatives necessary together to start it? 397 00:47:28,480 --> 00:47:35,620 You know of all the questions, that's the most important one. Clearly, this is not teaching as we know it. 398 00:47:35,620 --> 00:47:42,440 This is not education as we know it. Now there are two different ways to answer that question. 399 00:47:42,440 --> 00:47:49,170 One is to say that only part of learning comes from teaching. 400 00:47:49,170 --> 00:47:55,760 A lot of learning comes from exploration, from interaction, from curiosity. 401 00:47:55,760 --> 00:47:59,830 That's how we learn how to walk, that's how we learn how to talk. 402 00:47:59,830 --> 00:48:10,320 It's the kind of learning that kids do very well and so this is a tool to make that more continuous and seamless 403 00:48:10,320 --> 00:48:19,440 Versus what happens today while we say roughly at age 6 stop learning that way and learn by being told, by books and teachers. 404 00:48:19,440 --> 00:48:26,790 And that's education. I am not against the books and teachers; I am not against learning by teaching. 405 00:48:26,790 --> 00:48:34,160 But there is other piece that is very important. Switch to the teaching side, switch to the education 406 00:48:34,160 --> 00:48:39,460 This is the life's work of Seymour Papert, it is the life work of Mitch Resnick, ant others 407 00:48:39,460 --> 00:48:47,090 And we are going to be working on it, what does it mean to have a curriculum, what does it mean to learn A before B? 408 00:48:47,090 --> 00:48:52,830 What does it mean when you can have what it called a construction as an approach to learning? 409 00:48:52,830 --> 00:48:58,900 Those are so monumental changing education as we know on the whole planet 410 00:48:58,900 --> 00:49:04,850 I don't talk about them as much because that's going to take decades to change. 411 00:49:04,850 --> 00:49:10,760 That's not going to happen by Q4207 that's going to take a long time and generations. 412 00:49:10,760 --> 00:49:13,480 Because teachers have been doing this for many years. 413 00:49:13,480 --> 00:49:26,180 So all we can do there is to seize the change and then like the Wikipedia grew or like Linux grew, do open source education like MIT has done with its Opensource CourseWare. 414 00:49:26,180 --> 00:49:33,770 Sort of change it and in some sense to see, they’re the last people that come out to the Trojan horse but they stay there the longest. 415 00:49:33,770 --> 00:49:46,120 And it's a big issue but only some of the mountains I can climb, and that's Everest. So we conquered the others first. Yes. 416 00:49:46,120 --> 00:49:55,000 Sir you’re gonna double the size of an industry, making it more efficient by eliminating the profit mode, and working with the federal governments. 417 00:49:55,000 --> 00:50:00,190 Can you name another business with that happened? 418 00:50:00,190 --> 00:50:02,970 Is there anybody help me in the room? 419 00:50:02,970 --> 00:50:13,570 No, I can't, perhaps the other place it's happened is in education itself, and I don't want to confuse the profit motive. 420 00:50:13,570 --> 00:50:17,410 I am as profit motivated as anybody else in this room. 421 00:50:17,410 --> 00:50:27,430 But most education is not a business. It's part of the government's responsibility to its people. 422 00:50:27,430 --> 00:50:39,150 Many roads fall in that category, clean air falls in that category, and so we want to put laptops for children in primary and secondary schools into the same category. 423 00:50:39,150 --> 00:50:48,530 And you could change your question a little bit or even say this is a Marxists approach to entrepreneurship by doing in it. 424 00:50:48,530 --> 00:50:55,960 The answer is education really is a state founded phenomenon and so for us to be state founded 425 00:50:55,960 --> 00:51:04,660 And to do it in that way as a global development program to eliminate poverty to do those sorts of things. 426 00:51:04,660 --> 00:51:11,290 I do not know of a president, maybe somebody can think one in the room but I think it fits perfectly. 427 00:51:11,290 --> 00:51:18,160 It's not a step backwards and saying entrepreneurship doesn't work, it works just fine, thank you very much. 428 00:51:18,160 --> 00:51:26,600 But in this case I need to align the board the motivations and everything with that course going down, down, down, down, down. 429 00:51:26,600 --> 00:51:37,650 And not the next release. in fact I was talking to somebody who's the candidate. We are looking by the way for a CEO, send me an e-mail if you have a candidate. 430 00:51:37,650 --> 00:51:45,960 I’ve interviewed somebody saaid "Oh, this is great and in the next release we can add these features then we can have one with more memories and then can we…" 431 00:51:45,960 --> 00:51:53,790 And I say "Eh, no, that's not what's going to happen, next one we going to have less memory perhaps, the next one is going to be cheaper, the next one is gonna…" 432 00:51:53,790 --> 00:52:04,030 In another word, we've got built the curve that goes the other way because a hundred dollars, as much as sounds impossible, it's still far too expensive. 433 00:52:04,030 --> 00:52:12,900 My question is about the various forces that you wake up when you put this two together. 434 00:52:12,900 --> 00:52:22,800 I am scientist here in the US and in the spare time I began teaching the course in a very small village in Guatemala, for people who really don't have, you know teachers. 435 00:52:22,800 --> 00:52:43,580 So we put the Internet together twelve units and I’m struggling to try to teach by basic math from here to there. 436 00:52:43,580 --> 00:52:51,650 My reason is I check the twelve units and decides they have the students have been going into there are lot of pornography into it. 437 00:52:51,650 --> 00:53:02,840 So you have a lot of grey markets and also grey forces trying to use this channel of communication. 438 00:53:02,840 --> 00:53:07,080 And we have to see how we organized the rest of wildered forces to see if we beat the others to get to the brains of the students. 439 00:53:07,080 --> 00:53:12,680 And I wondered how you want to build that infrastructure. 440 00:53:12,680 --> 00:53:21,460 I like your program, I like your program linking to the open source of courses. 441 00:53:21,460 --> 00:53:29,180 We have them from the children to the courses of advanced graduate schools of MIT all available. 442 00:53:29,180 --> 00:53:38,240 But I think the infrastructure to be there the forces need to be put together so I want to know how you plan to do? 443 00:53:38,240 --> 00:53:43,930 OK, as you can imagine, you are not the first person to ask that question. 444 00:53:43,930 --> 00:53:50,290 Our experience by the way in Cambodia has been the opposite that we have been the opposite. 445 00:53:50,290 --> 00:53:54,390 We don't have kids using it for pornography we don't… it’s just hasn't had this in their heads. 446 00:53:54,390 --> 00:54:03,600 It's an interesting thing about terrorism and pornography. 447 00:54:03,600 --> 00:54:10,250 Terrorists use cell phones, pornographers use printed material, and Gutenberg doesn't get too much flag for it, Ok? 448 00:54:10,250 --> 00:54:15,490 So for us to somehow has to bear that weight it's a little bit like saying to the cell phone industry 449 00:54:15,490 --> 00:54:20,760 "You are responsible for September 11th" or to the printing industry "your are…" 450 00:54:20,760 --> 00:54:28,870 You are not. We've got education itself to solve your problem. 451 00:54:28,870 --> 00:54:33,820 We have to perhaps fine for very young kids particular ways for block sites, ways to do things, all of that's happening. 452 00:54:33,820 --> 00:54:44,970 And will happen and need to say we worried about it, we will address it 453 00:54:44,970 --> 00:54:53,060 But I really do want to remind these all that I could take that argument and take it to its extreme and say we then really shouldn't teach people to read and write. 454 00:54:53,060 --> 00:54:56,840 Because that's the solution, we can’t read, and we can’t write, we can’t send messages to create bombs, we can’t create pornographies. Well, that’s not the solution, so we do something else. 455 00:54:56,840 --> 00:55:03,490 OK, I thought I was pretty good on time, I thought I was terrific, I think you are actually a minute early. 456 00:55:03,490 --> 00:55:06,720 I think this man who is about to sit down gets to ask his question. 457 00:55:06,720 --> 00:55:08,200 458 00:55:08,200 --> 00:55:13,490 Oh, he did, he's pretty typical. He do this all the time. 459 00:55:13,490 --> 00:55:17,980 Ladies and gentlemen, this was Nicholas Negroponte, thanks him very much. 460 00:55:13,490 --> 00:55:20,000 An OOPS Production Opensource Open Courseware Prototype System Transcriber: 丁捷、李研 Proofreader: 侯晓迪