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阅读材料列表
Table for Readings
第一部分：什么是科学？
Part I: What is Science? |
| 1 |
课程介绍
Introduction to the Course |
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| 2 |
政策过程和围绕「安定的科学」的政治辩论
The Policy Process and the Political Debate Over "Sound Science" |
政策辩论
The Political Debate
Martino, Joseph P.，〈科学与公共政策〉见《政治化科学》，Michael Gough主编. Stanford, CA: Hoover Institution Press, 2003, pp. 73-89. ISBN: 0817939326.
Martino, Joseph P. "Science and Public Policy." In Politicizing Science. Edited by Michael Gough. Stanford, CA: Hoover Institution Press, 2003, pp. 73-89. ISBN: 0817939326.
Michaels, Patrick J.，〈科学还是政治科学？〉见《政治化科学》，Michael Gough主编，Stanford, CA: Hoover Institution Press, 2003, pp. 171-192. ISBN: 0817939326.Michaels, Patrick J. "Science or Political
Michaels, Patrick J. "Science or Political Science?" In Politicizing Science. Edited by Michael Gough. Stanford, CA: Hoover Institution Press, 2003, pp. 171-192. ISBN: 0817939326.
Kennedy, Robert F., Jr.，〈小布什的伪科学〉见《The Nation》，March 8, 2004.
Kennedy, Robert F., Jr. "The Junk Science of George W. Bush." The Nation, March 8, 2004.
Union of Concerned Scientists，〈执行概要〉见《决策中的科学完整性》，剑桥, MA: 相关科学家联盟, 2003.
Union of Concerned Scientists. "Executive Summary." In Scientific Integrity in Policymaking. Cambridge, MA: Union of Concerned Scientists, 2003.
政策过程
The Policy Process
Kingdon, John，第4章和第8章，《议程，选择与公共政策》，修订版. 纽约: Longman, 2003, pp. 165-190, 71-89. ISBN: 0321121856.
Kingdon, John. Chapter 4, and 8 in Agendas, Alternatives, and Public Policies. Rev. ed. New York: Longman, 2003, pp. 165-190, 71-89. ISBN: 0321121856.
Stone, Deborah. 第1章，《政策两难》，纽约: Norton, 2001. pp. 17-34. ISBN: 0393976254.
Stone, Deborah. Chapter 1 in Policy Paradox. New York: Norton, 2001. pp. 17-34. ISBN: 0393976254. |
| 3 |
科学方法和科学知识的产生
The Scientific Method and the Production of Scientific Knowledge |
Popper, Karl，第1章，《推测与驳斥：科学知识之成长》，纽约: Routledge, 1992, pp. 33-65. ISBN: 0415043182.
Popper, Karl. Chapter 1 in Conjectures and Refutations: The Growth of Scientific Knowledge . New York: Routledge, 1992, pp. 33-65. ISBN: 0415043182.
Zuckerman, Harriet，〈科学社会学〉见《社会学手册》，Neil J. Smelser. London主编: Sage Publications, 1988, pp. 541-564. ISBN: 0803926650.
Zuckerman, Harriet. "The Sociology of Science." In Handbook of Sociology. Edited by Neil J. Smelser. London: Sage Publications, 1988, pp. 541-564. ISBN: 0803926650.
Gieryn, Thomas F.，〈科学的边界〉见《科学与技术研究手册》，Sheila Jasanoff等人编着，London: Sage Publications, 1995, pp. 393-407. ISBN: 0761924981.
Gieryn, Thomas F. "The Boundaries of Science." In Handbook of Science and Technology Studies. Edited by Sheila Jasanoff, et al. London: Sage Publications, 1995, pp. 393-407. ISBN: 0761924981.
Medawar, Peter，〈科学的两种概念〉和〈科学思考中的归纳与直觉〉见《冥王的理想国》，牛津: 牛津大学出版社, 1984, pp. 28-41. ISBN: 0192830392.
Medawar, Peter. "Two Conceptions of Science," and "Induction and Intuition in Scientific Thought." In Pluto's Republic. Oxford: Oxford University Press, 1984, pp. 28-41. ISBN: 0192830392.
Mayr, Ernst，第2章和第3章，《生物学》，剑桥, MA: 哈佛出版社, 1998, pp. 24-78. ISBN: 0674884698.
Mayr, Ernst. Chapters 2, and 3 in This is Biology. Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press, 1998, pp. 24-78. ISBN: 0674884698. |
| 4 |
环境（管理）科学、专家和专业知识
Environmental (Regulatory) Science, Experts, and Expertise |
管理科学
Regulatory Science
Noss, Reed F., and Allen Y. Cooperrider，出自《拯救自然遗产》第3章华盛顿哥伦比亚特区: 岛屿出版社, 1994, pp. 67-83. ISBN: 1559632488.
Noss, Reed F., and Allen Y. Cooperrider. Excerpt from Chapter 3 in Saving Nature's Legacy. Washington, DC: Island Press, 1994, pp. 67-83. ISBN: 1559632488.
Murphy, Dennis, and Barry Noon，〈应对野生生物学中的不确定性〉见《野生生物管理杂志》55, no. 4 (1991): 773-782.
Murphy, Dennis, and Barry Noon. "Coping With Uncertainty in Wildlife Biology." Journal of Wildlife Management 55, no. 4 (1991): 773-782.
Blaustein, Andrew R., and David B. Wake，〈两栖动物种群衰减之谜〉见《科学美国人》，April 1995, 52-57.
Blaustein, Andrew R., and David B. Wake. "The Puzzle of Declining Amphibian Populations." In Scientific American, April 1995, 52-57.
Graham, John D.等着，《寻找安全》，剑桥, MA: Harvard University Press, 1991, pp. 179-189. ISBN: 0674446364.
Graham, John D., et al. In Search of Safety. Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press, 1991, pp. 179-189. ISBN: 0674446364.
O'Brien, Mary，《制定较佳的环境决策》第2-4章. Cambridge, MA: MIT Press, 2000, pp. 17-73. ISBN: 0262650533. (Skim this.)
O'Brien, Mary. Chapters 2-4 in Making Better Environmental Decisions. Cambridge, MA: MIT Press, 2000, pp. 17-73. ISBN: 0262650533. (Skim this.)
Miller, Clark A., and Paul N. Edwards等着，《大气变化》第2章. Cambridge, MA: MIT Press, 2001, pp. 31-65. ISBN: 0262133873.
Miller, Clark A., and Paul N. Edwards, eds. Chapter 2 in Changing the Atmosphere. Cambridge, MA: MIT Press, 2001, pp. 31-65. ISBN: 0262133873.
Sarewitz, Daniel, and Roger A. Pielke, Jr.，《预测》中的〈科学与政策预言〉，Daniel Sarewitz, Roger A. Pielke, Jr., and Radford Byerly, Jr. Washington等编辑，DC: Island Press, 2000, pp. 11-22. ISBN: 1559637765.
Sarewitz, Daniel, and Roger A. Pielke, Jr. "Prediction in Science and Policy." In Prediction. Edited by Daniel Sarewitz, Roger A. Pielke, Jr., and Radford Byerly, Jr. Washington, DC: Island Press, 2000, pp. 11-22. ISBN: 1559637765.
科学家作为专家
Scientists as Experts
Lynn, Frances M.，〈科学与价值观在评估和控制环境风险中的相互作用〉见《科学技术与人类价值》11, no. 2 (1986): 40-50.
Lynn, Frances M. "The Interplay of Science and Values in Assessing and Regulating Environmental Risks." Science, Technology, & Human Values 11, no. 2 (1986): 40-50.
Hilgartner, Stephen，《科学戏剧：以专家建议为剧本》，Stanford, CA: Stanford University Press, 2000, pp. 3-41. ISBN: 0804736464.
Hilgartner, Stephen. Science on Stage: Expert Advice as Public Drama. Stanford, CA: Stanford University Press, 2000, pp. 3-41. ISBN: 0804736464.
Kaiser, Jocelyn，〈生态学家挽救世界的使命〉见《科学》287 (2000): 1188.
Kaiser, Jocelyn. "Ecologists on a Mission to Save the World." Science 287 (2000): 1188.
Pool, Robert，〈为了社会而从事科学奋斗〉见《科学》248 (1990): 672.
Pool, Robert. "Struggling to do Science for Society." Science 248 (1990): 672.
Goode, Stephen，〈佛瑞德 辛格为全球暖化的观点降温〉见《新闻洞察》 20, no. 10 (2004): 42-45.
Goode, Stephen. "Singer Cool on Global Warming." Insight on the News 20, no. 10 (2004): 42-45.
Porder, Stephen，〈科学与政策—尴尬的伙伴〉见《生物科学》54, no. 1 (2004): 6-7.
Porder, Stephen. "Science and Policy--Uneasy Partners." Bioscience 54, no. 1 (2004): 6-7. |
第二部分: 科学如何在政策过程中被过滤
Part II: How is Science Filtered Through the Policy Process? |
| 5 |
环境宣扬：用科学阐明问题
Environmental Advocacy: Using Science to Define Problems |
Stone, Deborah，〈政策议程的构成及其原因〉见《政治学季刊》104, no. 2 (1989): 281-300.
Stone, Deborah. "Causal Stories and the Formation of Policy Agendas." Political Science Quarterly 104, no. 2 (1989): 281-300.
Wildavsky, Aaron，《这真实吗？公民环境健康安全问题指南》，Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press, 1997, pp. 201-222. ISBN: 0674089235.
Wildavsky, Aaron. But is it True? A Citizen's Guide to Environmental Health and Safety Issues. Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press, 1997, pp. 201-222. ISBN: 0674089235.
Ehrlich, Paul, and Anne Ehrlich，《背叛科学理智》第2章. Washington, DC: Island Press, 1997, pp. 11-23, 153-163. ISBN: 1559634839.
Ehrlich, Paul, and Anne Ehrlich. Chapter 2 in Betrayal of Science and Reason. Washington, DC: Island Press, 1997, pp. 11-23, 153-163. ISBN: 1559634839.
Bolch, Ben, and Harold Lyons，〈温室效应：真正问题是什么？〉见《并非大灾难》，Washington, DC: Cato Institute, 1993, pp. 71-82. ISBN: 1882577051.
Bolch, Ben, and Harold Lyons. "The Greenhouse Effect: What is the Real Issue." In Apocalypse Not. Washington, DC: Cato Institute, 1993, pp. 71-82. ISBN: 1882577051.
Sarewitz, Daniel, and Roger Pielke, Jr.，〈打破全球暖化的僵局〉见《大西洋月刊》286, no. 1 (2000): 54-65.
Sarewitz, Daniel, and Roger Pielke, Jr. "Breaking the Global-Warming Gridlock." Atlantic Monthly 286, no. 1 (2000): 54-65. |
| 6 |
媒体在科学和环境危机中所能触及的范围
Media Coverage of Science and Environmental Risk |
Nelkin, Dorothy. 《出售科学：媒体如何掩盖科技》第5-7章，再版，New York: W. H. Freeman, 1995, pp. 62-123. ISBN: 0716725959.
Nelkin, Dorothy. Chapters 5-7 in Selling Science: How the Press Covers Science and Technology. Rev. ed. New York: W. H. Freeman, 1995, pp. 62-123. ISBN: 0716725959.
Greenberg, Michael等着，〈电视广播新闻网掩盖了环境风险〉见《环境》31, no. 2 (1989): 16-20, 40-43.
Greenberg, Michael, et al. "Network Television News Coverage of Environmental Risks." Environment 31, no. 2 (1989): 16-20, 40-43.
〈激烈的温室辩论〉见《传媒监控》VI (December 1992).
"The Great Greenhouse Debate." Media Monitor VI (December 1992).
Mazur, Alan, and Jinling Lee，〈拉响全球警报〉见《科学的社会研究》23 (1993): 681-720.
Mazur, Alan, and Jinling Lee. "Sounding the Global Alarm." Social Studies of Science 23 (1993): 681-720.
Graber, Doris A.，《大众传媒与美国政治》第6、7章，第六版，Washington, DC: CQ Press, 2001, pp. 159-234. ISBN: 1568026358.
Graber, Doris A. Chapters 6, and 7 in Mass Media and American Politics. 6th ed. Washington, DC: CQ Press, 2001, pp. 159-234. ISBN: 1568026358. |
| 7 |
公众对科学和环境危机的理解
The Public's Perception of Science and Environmental Risk |
Slovic, Paul，〈洞悉风险〉见《科学》236 (1987): 280-285.
Slovic, Paul. "Perception of Risk." Science 236 (1987): 280-285.
———.〈信任、感情、性、政治与科学：风险评估战场观察〉见《洞察风险》，Paul Slovic编辑，London: Earthscan Publications, 2000, pp. 390-412. ISBN: 1853835285.
———. "Trust, Emotion, Sex, Politics and Science: Surveying the Risk-assessment Battlefield." In The Perception of Risk. Edited by Paul Slovic. London: Earthscan Publications, 2000, pp. 390-412. ISBN: 1853835285.
Tversky, Amos, and Daniel Kahneman，〈决策与选择心理的形成〉见《科学》211 (January 30, 1981): 453-458.
Tversky, Amos, and Daniel Kahneman. "The Framing of Decisions and the Psychology of Choice." Science 211 (January 30, 1981): 453-458.
Kempton, Willett, James S. Boster, and Jennifer A. Hartley，《美国文化中的环境价值》第3章. Cambridge, MA: MIT Press, 1996, pp. 39-62. ISBN: 0262611236.
Kempton, Willett, James S. Boster, and Jennifer A. Hartley. Chapter 3 in Environmental Values in American Culture. Cambridge, MA: MIT Press, 1996, pp. 39-62. ISBN: 0262611236. |
| 8 |
立法决策中的科学
Science in Legislative Decision Making |
Kingdon, John W.，《议员的投票决定》第8-10章，第三版， Ann Arbor, MI: University of Michigan Press, 1989, pp. 210-261. ISBN: 0472064010.
Kingdon, John W. Chapters 8-10 in Congressmen's Voting Decisions. 3rd ed. Ann Arbor, MI: University of Michigan Press, 1989, pp. 210-261. ISBN: 0472064010.
Brown, George E., Jr.，〈环境科学受到美国国会围攻〉见《环境》39, no. 2 (1997): 12-20, 29-31.
Brown, George E., Jr. "Environmental Science Under Siege in the U.S. Congress." Environment 39, no. 2 (1997): 12-20, 29-31.
美国众议院，〈科学正直与公众信任：联邦政纲和要求之下的科学: 案例研究2—气候模型与潜在的全球气候变化影响计划〉见科学委员会之前的能源环境小组委员会听证会. November 16, 1995.
U.S. House of Representatives. "Scientific Integrity and Public Trust: The Science Behind Federal Politics and Mandates: Case Study 2--Climate Models and Projections of Potential Impacts of Global Climate Change." Hearing Before the Subcommittee on Energy and Environment of the Committee on Science. November 16, 1995.
Layzer, Judith A.，〈酸雨与1990年空气清洁法修正令〉见《环境案例》 Washington, DC: CQ Press, 2002. ISBN: 1568027265.
Layzer, Judith A. "Acid Rain, and the Clean Air Act Amendments of 1990." In The Environmental Case. Washington, DC: CQ Press, 2002. ISBN: 1568027265. |
| 9 |
行政和司法决策中的科学
Science in Administrative and Judicial Decision Making |
政府部门中的科学
Science in Agencies
Powell, Mark.，《美国环境保护总署的科学》第2章，Washington, DC: Resources for the Future, 1999, pp. 21-56. ISBN: 1891853007.
Powell, Mark. Chapter 2 in Science at the EPA. Washington, DC: Resources for the Future, 1999, pp. 21-56. ISBN: 1891853007.
Jasanoff, Sheila，《第五个分支》第6章，Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press, 1996, pp. 101-122. ISBN: 0674300629.
Jasanoff, Sheila. Chapter 6 in The Fifth Branch. Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press, 1996, pp. 101-122. ISBN: 0674300629.
Graham, John D.等着，《寻找安全》第3、4章. Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press, 1991, pp. 38-114. ISBN: 0674446364.
Graham, John D., et al. Chapters 3, and 4 in Search of Safety. Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press, 1991, pp. 38-114. ISBN: 0674446364.
Wilkinson, Todd，《围攻之下的科学：政客们的自然与真理之战》，Boulder, CO: Johnson Books, 1998, pp. 65-112. ISBN:1555662110.
Wilkinson, Todd. Science Under Siege: The Politicians' War on Nature and Truth. Boulder, CO: Johnson Books, 1998, pp. 65-112. ISBN:1555662110.
Barringer, Felicity，〈内政部官员与联邦生物学家在鸟类所面临威胁问题上的冲突〉见《纽约时报》5 December, 2004.
Barringer, Felicity. "Interior Official and Federal Biologists Clash on Danger to Bird." New York Times, 5 December, 2004.
法庭中的科学
Science in Court
McGarity, Thomas O.，〈对科学地规则制定过程中的司法审查〉见《科学技术与人类价值》9, no. 1 (Winter 1984): 97-106.
McGarity, Thomas O. "Judicial Review of Scientific Rulemaking." Science, Technology & Human Values 9, no. 1 (Winter 1984): 97-106.
Jasanoff, Sheila，《律师业中的科学》第4章，Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press, 1990, pp. 69-92. ISBN: 067479303X.
Jasanoff, Sheila. Chapter 4 in Science at the Bar. Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press, 1990, pp. 69-92. ISBN: 067479303X.
——— . 〈司法虚构：最高法院对好科学的探求〉见《社会》38, no. 4 (2001): 27-36.
———. "Judicial Fictions: The Supreme Court's Quest for Good Science." Society 38, no. 4 (2001): 27-36.
O'Brien, David M. 《什么过程是合适的？》第3章.New York: Russell Sage Foundation, 1987, pp. 71-106, 153-183. ISBN: 087154623X.
O'Brien, David M. Chapter 3 in What Process is Due? New York: Russell Sage Foundation, 1987, pp. 71-106, 153-183. ISBN: 087154623X.
Brown, Donald A., and Patrick Zaepfel，〈环境法律中科学不确定性的含义〉见《科学不确定性与环境问题解决》，John Lemons编辑，Oxford: Blackwell Science, 1996, pp. 377-393. ISBN: 0865424764.
Brown, Donald A., and Patrick Zaepfel. "The Implications of Scientific Uncertainty for Environmental Law." In Scientific Uncertainty and Environmental Problem Solving. Edited by John Lemons. Oxford: Blackwell Science, 1996, pp. 377-393. ISBN: 0865424764. |
| 10 |
国际舞台上的科学
Science in the International Arena |
Harrison, Kathryn, and George Hoberg，〈设置加拿大和美国的环境日程：以二氧（杂）芑和氡为例〉见《加拿大政治学杂志》XXIV (March 1991): 3-27.
Harrison, Kathryn, and George Hoberg. "Setting the Environmental Agenda in Canada and the United States: The Cases of Dioxin and Radon." Canadian Journal of Political Science XXIV (March 1991): 3-27.
Jasanoff, Sheila，〈在多元社会中可接受的证据〉见《可接受的证据：灾难管理中的科学与价值观》R. Hollander, and D. Mayo编辑，Oxford: Oxford University Press, 1994, 29-47. ISBN: 0195089294.
Jasanoff, Sheila. "Acceptable Evidence in a Pluralistic Society." In Acceptable Evidence: Science and Values in Hazard Management. Edited by R. Hollander, and D. Mayo. Oxford: Oxford University Press, 1994, 29-47. ISBN: 0195089294.
Layzer, Judith A.，〈气候变化〉见《环境案例：把价值转化为政策》 Washington, DC: CQ Press, 2002, pp. 209-237. ISBN: 1568027265.
Layzer, Judith A. "Climate Change." In The Environmental Case: Translating Values Into Policy. Washington, DC: CQ Press, 2002, pp. 209-237. ISBN: 1568027265.
Bierman, Frank，〈科学建议制度：全球环境评估及其对发展中国家的影响〉见《全球治理》8, no. 2 (April-June 2002): 195+.
Bierman, Frank. "Institutions for Scientific Advice: Global Environmental Assessments and Their Influence in Developing Countries." Global Governance 8, no. 2 (April-June 2002): 195+.
Eijndhoven, Josee van, William C. Clark, and Jill Jager，〈全球环境风险管理的长远发展：结论及对未来的建议〉见《学会管理全球环境风险 》 第二卷，社会领导组织编辑，Cambridge, MA: MIT Press, 2001, pp. 181-197. ISBN: 0262692392.
Eijndhoven, Josee van, William C. Clark, and Jill Jager. "The Long-Term Development of Global Environmental Risk Management: Conclusions and Implications for the Future." In Learning to Manage Global Environmental Risks Vol. 2. Edited by The Social Learning Group. Cambridge, MA: MIT Press, 2001, pp. 181-197. ISBN: 0262692392. |
| 11 |
宣扬科学相对于协作科学
Advocacy Science vs. Collaborative Science |
Ozawa, Connie P.，〈环境冲突中的科学〉见《社会学观察》39, no. 2 (1996): 219-230.
Ozawa, Connie P. "Science in Environmental Conflicts." Sociological Perspectives 39, no. 2 (1996): 219-230.
Ehrman, J. R., and B. L. Stimson，〈联合事实发现和技术使用专家〉见《共识建立手册》Lawrence Susskind等编着， London: Sage Publications, 1999, pp. 375-399. ISBN: 0761908447.
Ehrman, J. R., and B. L. Stimson. "Joint Fact Finding and the Use of Technical Experts." In The Consensus Building Handbook. Edited by Lawrence Susskind, et al. London: Sage Publications, 1999, pp. 375-399. ISBN: 0761908447.
Ludwig, Donald，〈管理时代结束了〉见《生态系统》4 (2001): 758-764.
Ludwig, Donald. "The Era of Management is Over." Ecosystems 4 (2001): 758-764.
Coglianese, Cary，〈共识的局限〉见《环境》41 (1999): 28-33.
Coglianese, Cary. "The Limits of Consensus." Environment 41 (1999): 28-33. |
| 12 |
地方知识
Local Knowledge |
Wynne, Brian，〈误解了的曲解〉见《曲解科学？》 A. Irwin and B. Wynne编辑，Cambridge, UK: Cambridge University Press, 2004, pp. 19-46. ISBN: 0521525209.
Wynne, Brian. "Misunderstood Misunderstandings." In Misunderstanding Science? Edited by A. Irwin and B. Wynne. Cambridge, UK: Cambridge University Press, 2004, pp. 19-46. ISBN: 0521525209.
Corburn, Jason，〈综合社区研究与地方性知识以对抗哮喘和生存渔业威胁…〉见《环境健康观察》110 (April 2002): 241-248.
Corburn, Jason. "Combining Community-Based Research and Local Knowledge to Confront Asthma and Subsistence-Fishing Hazards…." Environmental Health Perspectives 110 (April 2002): 241-248.
Fischer, Frank，《公民、专家、环境》第8-10章. Durham, NC: Duke University Press, 2000, pp. 147-218. ISBN: 0822326221.
Fischer, Frank. Chapters 8-10 in Citizens, Experts, and the Environment. Durham, NC: Duke University Press, 2000, pp. 147-218. ISBN: 0822326221.
Edwards, Rob，〈傲慢的代价〉见《新科学家》 (October 17, 1998): 18-19.
Edwards, Rob. "The Price of Arrogance." New Scientist (October 17, 1998): 18-19. |
| 13 |
不确定性、适应性管理和预警原理
Uncertainty, Adaptive Management and the Precautionary Principle |
Meffe, Gary等着，〈适应性管理〉见《生态系统管理》Washington, DC: Island Press, 2002, pp. 95-111. ISBN: 1559638249.
Meffe, Gary, et al. "Adaptive Management." In Ecosystems Management. Washington, DC: Island Press, 2002, pp. 95-111. ISBN: 1559638249.
Berkes, Fikret, Johan Golding, and Carl Folke，〈重新发现：将传统生态学知识作为适应性管理〉见《生态学应用》10, no. 5 (2000): 1251-1262.
Berkes, Fikret, Johan Golding, and Carl Folke. "Rediscovery of Traditional Ecological Knowledge as Adaptive Management." Ecological Applications 10, no. 5 (2000): 1251-1262.
Harremoes, Poul等着，〈12个迟来的教训〉见《20世纪的预警原理》 ，London: Earthscan Publications, Ltd., 2002, pp. 185-215. ISBN: 1853838934.
Harremoes, Poul, et al. "Twelve Late Lessons." In The Precautionary Principle in the 20th Century. London: Earthscan Publications, Ltd., 2002, pp. 185-215. ISBN: 1853838934. |
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