专题
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案例简报和讨论
Case Presentation and Discussion
学生必须就自选的国家或其以下层次的环保运动、动员或参与，上台报告十五分钟，并且带领20-30分钟的讨论。目标是探讨案例如何关连和展现课程的主要主题与阅读资料。选择一份阅读资料（最好是案例研究），在报告前一个星期提出以利讨论进行。要事先准备三、四个问题带动讨论。以下作品由署名学生授权使用。
Students are required to give a 15 minute presentation on environmental movements, mobilization, or participation within a self-selected national or sub-national context. Students will then lead a 20-30 minute discussion of the case. The goal of the discussion is to examine how the case relates to and illustrates key course themes and readings. One reading (preferably a case study) should be selected and given out one week in advance to facilitate discussion. Three or four questions should also be prepared in advance that will guide the discussion. All work is courtesy of the student named and used with permission.
第四周：中国的跨国公民社会参与：云南省怒江案例研究 (Erik Nielsen)
建造和操作大坝与移民规划和环境影响评估活动重叠，亦与重大社会和文化影响相关。在中国，对建造大坝最新且最具争议性的其中一个案例，是云南僻远地区的怒江。怒江工程中有多个利益团体，对于如何管理大河有着相当分歧的利益。此案例将检视：怒江的水电大坝以及工程涉及日趋复杂的利益相关者；随着较多组织或「公众」参与决策过程，分析中国的决策过程如何演变；为何无法有效采行此种政策决策过程，以致于政府决策可以维持并最后执行。
Week 4: Transnational Civil Society Engagement in China: A Case Study of the Nu River in Yunnan Province (Erik Nielsen)
Significant social and cultural impacts are associated with dam construction and operation that overlap the resettlement planning and environment impact assessment activities. In China, one of the most recent and contentious cases of dam building is on the Nu River, located in a remote part of Yunnan Province. In the case of the Nu River project, there are multiple stakeholder groups with substantially different interests over how the river should be managed. This case will examine: hydropower dam development on the Nu River and the growing diversity of stakeholders involved with the project; an analysis of how the Chinese policy-making process evolved as greater constituents or 'publics' became engaged in the decision-making process; and how this policy-making process failed to effectively adapt so government decisions could be sustained and ultimately implemented.
Litzinger, Ralph. 〈保护怒江：水电计划，媒体行动主义和找寻草根阶层〉Duke University工作文件。
Litzinger, Ralph. "Protecting the Mighty Nu: Hydroelectric Schemes, Media Activism, and the Search for the Grassroots." Duke University, working paper.
Yardley, Jim. 〈大坝工程威胁即将逝去的伊甸园，中国总理下令停工〉《纽约时报》2004年4月9日。
Yardley, Jim. "China's Premier Orders Halt to a Dam Project Threatening a Lost Eden." New York Times, April 9, 2004.
《东南亚河流网络》Chainarong Sretthachau先生于2003年12月16日致函中国驻泰国大使，函件标题为〈为83个泰国和缅甸的组织向中国申诉上怒江大坝〉
Letter written by Mr. Chainarong Sretthachau (Southeast Asia Rivers Network) on December 16, 2003 to China's Ambassador to Thailand entitled "Petition to China for 83 Organizations from Thailand/Myanmar on Upper Salween Dam."
浏览以下英语网站：
Review the following Web sites:
东南亚河流网络
Southeast Asia Rivers Network
河流监察（东亚和东南亚）
Rivers Watch East and Southeast Asia
国际河流网络
International Rivers Network
美国乐施会：东亚页
Oxfam America: East Asia
绿色和平：亚洲纸业公司在云南非法伐木
Greenpeace: APP Illegal Logging in Yunnan
第六周：生态贷款社: 三头解决办法？ (David Fogelson)
Week 6: EcoLogic Finance: A Trisector Solution? (David Fogelson)
生态贷款社案例讨论问题 （自学书院中译本）
EcoLogic Finance Case Discussion Questions
(英文PDF)、
(繁体PDF)、
(简体PDF)
(英文DOC)、
(繁体DOC)、
(简体DOC)
生态贷款社是一个非营利的中小企业金融组织，主要资助拉丁美洲的「公平交易」认证咖啡种植者，希望透过永续经营的发展方式可以保护生态敏感的地区。本案例探讨不同问题，看看这方法在那里是否行得通，以及对于未来的环保议题使用私营／公营／非营利模式的提出警语及其机会。
Ecologic Finance is a nonprofit small/medium enterprise finance organization funding mostly FairTrade certified coffee growers in Latin America in the hopes that by sustainably developing, they are protecting ecologically sensitive areas. The case explores a variety of questions to find out where this approach works, the caveats, and the opportunity to use a private/public/non-profit model for future environmental issues.
咖啡丰收，及时取得贸易信贷（自学书院中译本）
Reaping Coffee Harvests with Timely Access to Trade Credit (PDF)
向美国销售草莓，阿玛逊农民得到保障
Berry Sales to U.S. Offer Security to Amazon Farmers
第七周：中东的公民社会和环保管治(Nancy Odeh)
本案例检视伊朗一个环保非政府组织的源起和活动，这组织就是永续发展中心Centre for Sustainable Development (CENESTA)。CENESTA是世界保育联盟World Conservation Union的一员，附属于伊朗北方大学。与CENESTA合作的对象包括伊朗农村地区的当地社群、国家政府和政府间各组织。CENESTA最近的方案包括促进生物多样性的永续以及伊朗游牧生活形态的延续。
Week 7: Civil Society and Environmental Governance in the Middle East (Nancy Odeh)
This case study examines the origins and activities of one environmental NGO's in Iran, the Centre for Sustainable Development (CENESTA). CENESTA is a member of the World Conservation Union and is affiliated with the University of the North (Iran). CENESTA works with a range of actors from local communities in rural areas in Iran to national governments and inter-governmental entities. One of CENESTA's most recent initiatives included facilitating the sustainability of biodiversity and livelihoods in nomadic pastoralism in Iran.
迁徙原住民世界联盟
World Alliance of Mobile Indigenous Peoples (WAMIP)
公民创业系列（CENESTA撰写第五册〈西亚地区〉一章）
Civic Entrepreneurship Series (CENESTA wrote the regional West Asia chapter in Volume V) (PDF - 3.6 MB)
第八周：格兰德河共享水源争执：南北相遇(Randall Coffie)
站在前线的国际非政府组织有效调停解决跨国界水源争执。
格兰德河Río Grande/Río Bravo是北美洲最重要的河流盆地，是穿越Chihuahuan干燥沙漠的生命线。美国和墨西哥在1944年签订条约管理两国的分配，当时人口只是现在的一小部分，而大规模灌溉农业刚刚开始。六十年后，此盆地跨国界部份的人口有一千万，而且还在增长；但是灌溉农业用水就已经占地表水的80-90%。过去这几年，此系统已显得脆弱不堪，北墨西哥持续严重干旱，加上两国水源管理框架的不恰当，导致两国针对1944年条约中所规定墨西哥的供水责任起了严重争端。灌溉农业占用大部份水源，又是成千上万盆地居民的生计，于是成为争端的核心。本案例研究集中于国际和国内组织在此争端所起的作用，例如国际边界河流水资源委员会International Boundary and Water Commission (IBWC) ，格兰德盆地联盟Rio Grande Rio Bravo Basin Coalition (RGRBBC) ，以及Texas Austin，Nuevo Leon和TEC de Monterrey等大学。
Week 8: Rio Grande/Rio Bravo Shared Water Dispute: Where North Meets South (Randall Coffie)
An international NGO’s Front (INF) as an effective mediator (facilitator) in the solution of transboundary water disputes.
Forming a lifeline through the arid Chihuahuan desert, the Río Grande/Río Bravo is one of North America's most important river basins. A treaty signed in 1944, when population was a fraction of what it is today, and when large-scale irrigated agriculture was just coming into its own, governs its allocation between the U.S. and Mexico. Sixty years later, the transboundary portion of the basin is now home to over 10 million people and growing, but irrigated agriculture still accounts for 80 to 90% of surface water diversions. The vulnerabilities of this system have been on display for the last several years, as a deep and persistent drought in northern Mexico, combined with an inadequate binational water management framework, led to a serious binational dispute over Mexico's water delivery obligations under the 1944 Treaty. Because it accounts for so much water use and because it provides a livelihood for tens of thousands of basin residents, irrigated agriculture has been at the center of this dispute. This case study focuses on the roles that were played in the dispute by international and national organizations such as the International Boundary and Water Commission (IBWC) and the Rio Grande Rio Bravo Basin Coalition (RGRBBC) and Universities including Texas Austin, Nuevo Leon and TEC de Monterrey.
Mizrahi, Yemile. 〈墨西哥和美国为共享水源争执〉《联邦》第5期(2002): 5-6。
Mizrahi, Yemile. "Mexico and the USA Quarrel over Shared Waters." Federations 5 (2002): 5-6.
策略及国际研究中心〈美国—墨西哥之跨国界水源管理—格兰德河案例〉2003年（自学书院中译本）
Center for Strategic and International Studies. US-Mexico Transboundary Water Management: The Case of the Rio Grande/Rio Bravo. Washington, DC: Center for Strategic and International Studies, 2003. (PDF - 1.5 MB)
美国德州大自然资源保育委员会〈美国德州—墨西哥Nuevo Leon省策略环保规划：合作架构〉1997年
Texas Natural Resource Conservation Commission. "Texas-Nuevo Leon, Strategic Environmental Plan: A Framework for Cooperation." 1997.
Bloom, Greg〈格兰德盆地联盟：献身大河的多国组织〉（自学书院中译本）
Bloom, Greg. "The Rio Grande/Rio Bravo Basin Coalition: A Multinational Organization Dedicated to the River." 2001.
Herzog, Lawrence A. 〈南北相遇：美国—墨西哥边界之城市，空间和政治〉Austin: 德州大学墨美研究中心，1990年。
Herzog, Lawrence A. Where North Meets South: Cities, Space and Politics on the USA-Mexico Border. Austin: Center for Mexican American Studies, University of Texas, 1990.
第九周：「自然之友」的发展和改革：中国第一个民间环保组织之案例研究（一名学员）
「自然之友」的发展和改革(英语PDF) （繁体student1_case_tw.DOC）（简体student1_case_cn.DOC）
The Evolution and Reform of the Friends of Nature (PDF)
「自然之友」于1994年成立，是中国第一个，也是最大规模的民间环保组织。过去十年中，尤其是在最近四年，「自然之友」发展迅速，现有二千名个人会员和近一百名附属协会会员。「自然之友」主要是推行环保教育，包括植树、观鸟和农村教师培训。「自然之友」是非营利组织，资金来自会费，国内民众支持和国际的基金会拨款。「自然之友」现在面临内部改革的挑战，涉及管理结构、项目手法以及与国家和当地政府关系的策略。「自然之友」迈向第二个十年之际将在两方面扩大其项目和功能：从唤起大家对环保的重视走向普遍参与环保教育、加强与政府的互动以及强化在政府决策过程中所扮演的角色。
Week 9: Development and Reform of the Friends of Nature: A Case Study of the First Environmental NGO in China (Student 1)
The Evolution and Reform of the Friends of Nature (PDF)
The Friends of Nature (FON) was founded in 1994. It is the first and largest environmental NGO in China. During the past decade, especially the last four years, the FON developed very quickly. It has more than 2,000 individual members and around 100 affiliate association members. The main program of FON is environmental education, which includes tree planting, bird watching, and rural teacher training. FON is a non-profit organization, funding itself by membership fees, domestic public support and international foundation grants. FON now faces challenges of internal reform with respect to its management structure, program tactics and strategy in the relationship with state and local governments. Shifting from its first decade to the second, FON is going to expand its programs and functions into two main directions: to shift from public awareness to public participation for environmental education and strengthen its interaction with government and its role in governmental decision making processes.
Lee, Klaudia. 〈自然之友致力提高绿色议题的觉悟〉《南华早报》2005年3月11日。
Lee, Klaudia. "Friends of Nature Fights to Raise Awareness of Green Issues." South China Morning Post, March 11, 2005.
Wang, Peter. 〈自然之友会员调查和分析〉2004年。
Wang, Peter. Friends of Nature's Membership Survey and Analysis. 2004.
Lappin, Todd. 〈绿和红是否可以混合？〉《国家报》1994年2月14日。
Lappin, Todd. "Can Green Mix with Red?" The Nation, Feb 14, 1994.
中国文化书院，绿色文化分院「自然之友」简体网站http://www.fon.org.cn/
Review the following website: Friends of Nature
第十周：U'wa与西方石油公司：哥伦比亚公民社会反对石油开发(Emily Greenspan)
U'wa原住民族群约五千人，居住在哥伦比亚东北的偏远森林。U'wa族本着他们对大自然资源的传统信念，极为反对在他们祖传的土地上开采石油。1995年当哥伦比亚政府批准以美国为主的西方石油公司在Siriri地域（其中部份是U'wa族的土地）开探时，U'wa族立即展开游说，企图终止工程。本案例探讨不同利益相关者对开发工程反应的互动，此等利益相关者包括U'wa族、哥伦比亚政府、西方石油公司、国际非政府组织、以及渗透当地的游击队；尤其特别注意国际和国内公民社会采取的策略和技巧，以及在彼此利益极为分歧的背景下达成解决纷争的挑战。
Week 10: U'wa vs. Oxy: Civil Society Resistance to Oil Development in Colombia (Emily Greenspan)
The U'wa indigenous group includes approximately 5,000 members and inhabits remote forest territory in Northeast Colombia. The U'wa strongly oppose oil exploitation on their ancestral lands based on deeply held traditional beliefs regarding natural resources. When, in 1995, the Colombian government granted the U.S. based Occidental Petroleum (Oxy) an exploration permit for the Siriri block - a portion of which overlaps with U'wa territory - the U'wa immediately launched advocacy efforts to terminate the project. This case examines the interactions between various stakeholders in response to the development project, including the U'wa, Colombian government, Oxy, international nongovernmental organizations, and guerilla groups that pervade the area. Particular attention is given to strategies and tactics adopted by civil society both nationally and internationally, and the challenge of achieving conflict resolution in the context of extremely diverse interests.
Macdonald, Theodore, S. James Anaya与Yadira Soto. 〈Samoré案例：观察和建议〉美洲国家组织／哈佛大学哥伦比亚项目。
Macdonald, Theodore, S. James Anaya, and Yadira Soto. "The Samoré Case: Observations and Recommendations." Organization of American States/Harvard University Project on Colombia.
《地球岛期刊》〈戈尔及石油大灭族〉15卷2期(2000). Academic Search Premier.
Earth Island Journal, "Al Gore and Big Oil Genocide," 15, no. 2 (2000). Academic Search Premier.
Jeffrey, Paul. 〈U'wa族与西方石油公司〉《国家天主教报》36卷39期 (2000). Academic Search.
Jeffrey, Paul. "U'wa vs. 'Oxy.'" National Catholic Reporter 36, no. 39 (2000). Academic Search.
Soltani, Atossa与Kevin Koenig. 〈U'wa族战胜西方石油公司〉《多国监视》25期 (2004)。
Soltani, Atossa and Kevin Koenig. "U'wa Overcome Oxy." Multinational Monitor 25 (2004).
浏览英语网站: 阿玛逊观察 Amazon Watch
Review the following website: Amazon Watch
第十一周：城市生态合作团体的发展和活动(Lindsay Campbell)
本案例探讨「城市生态合作团体」这个非营利、公众参与的小型网络，其成员分布在波士顿、纽哈芬、纽约、匹兹堡、华盛顿和巴尔的摩等城市。我们探讨此团体的历史，重点放在团体创办人之间的个人和专业关系，然后考虑团体取得的资金来源和所采用的交流策略。把这个有资格限制、分布多个城市的合作团体和其他常见的以某地为基础或较广泛的合作组织比较，考虑两者的优劣。讨论的后半部份检视城市生态合作团体一项特别成果〈城市生态合作评估〉，此项有组织的调查，可帮助我们理解每一城市管理网络的广泛能力、模式与不足。
Week 11: Development and Activities of the Urban Ecology Collaborative (Lindsay Campbell)
This case examines a small network of nonprofit and public partners in Boston, New Haven, New York, Pittsburgh, Washington, DC, and Baltimore called the Urban Ecology Collaborative. We will examine the history of this group, focusing first on the personal and professional relationships of the founders that led to the creation of the UEC, and then consider funding sources that the group has accessed and communication strategies it has used. This selective, multi-city cooperative effort will be compared with other common collaborative structures that are more place-based or more broadly inclusive, considering the advantages and disadvantages of each. The second half of the discussion will examine the results of one specific project of the UEC - the Urban Ecology Collaborative Assessment - an organizational survey that was used to understand the broad capacities, patterns, and gaps of the stewardship networks in each city.
William R. Burch博士简历
Biography of Dr. William R. Burch
巴尔的摩市长期生态体系研究网站
Baltimore Long Term Ecosystem Research Web site
城市资源方案网站
Urban Resources Initiative Web site
城市生态学院网站
Urban Ecology Institute Web site
公园和人民网站
Parks and People Web site
