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诚如一开始所讲的，本课程核心背景是在于检视现在在美国所得分配的趋势，以及探讨加速所得分配不均的因素－再进修比例攀升、移民、高所得者获取绝多数的市场资源等。
As background for core courses, Microeconomics begins with a review of trends in the U.S. income distribution including factors in increasing inequality - the rising rate of return to education, immigration, winner-take-all markets at the top of the distribution, and so on.
而后，会谈到供给、需求及弹性。在一开始，我要求学生考量三种价值衡量的方式－生产者生产商品时的成本；当某一商品售价为何时会促使你购买；什么样的商品对你来说是有价值的（例如：两个同价的产品，但对你而言价值不一定是相同的。） 剩下的课程我会着重于解说三种衡量方式间的交互作用。
The course then begins a standard discussion of supply, demand and elasticity. At the outset, students are asked to consider three measures of value - What a good costs the producer to make; What a good costs you to buy; and What a good is worth to you (i.e. it is easy to think of two goods that cost the same but are not worth the same to you). The remainder of the course will focus on the interactions of these three measures.
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接续着供给、需求及弹性的内容。我们以Paul Joskow的文章来看加州撤销电力管制的始末及问题。Joskow's 的文章中点出２点这个措施使体制受到伤害的原因；第１点是这个规则违反未来趋势，并影响加州的地位；另一方面则是来自于政治的本质：为了马上得到来自消费者或效用上的回报，这个系统假设自九０年代以来的低价批售电费会一直被延续；可是一旦经济回春，批售价格上扬，这个系统便无法维持住。
Continue supply, demand and elasticity. Use Paul Joskow's history of California electricity deregulation as a motivating example. Joskow's paper illuminates the two reasons (as I count them) why the system was vulnerable to problems including being ripped off. One was the rule against writing futures contracts which kept the state in the spot market. The second was the political nature of the system: in order to give immediate payoffs to consumers, utilities, etc. the system implicitly assumed that the low wholesale electricity prices of the mid-1990s would continue indefinitely. Once the economy recovered and wholesale prices rose, the system was unsustainable. |
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效用最大化－衔接先前三种价值衡量的内容。
Utility Maximization - standard treatment, picking up on three measures of value above. |
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成本、技术及技术移转： Autor, Levy及 Murnane piece 以２个银行部门为例来说明为什么及如何以电脑取代人力可完成的任务。
Costs, Technology and Technical Change: Autor, Levy and Murnane piece uses two back office departments in a bank to show how and why computers substituted for some human tasks and complemented others. |
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利润最大化的逻辑－衔接先前三种价值衡量的内容。强调利润最大化的策略取决于**市场结构。
** 市场结构指的是完全竞争市场、寡占市场及独占市场。
Begin logic of Profit Maximization - standard treatment, picking up on three measures of value above. Emphasize that the particular strategy of profit maximization depends on market structure. |
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在完全竞争市场下的最大利润。
Profit Maximization in Perfect Competition - standard treatment. |
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在独占市场下的最大利润- 在过去，独占往往来自于供给因素及经济规模尺度（政府独占），但现在独占可能来自需求因素或者外在性整关联造成（微软）。
Profit Maximization in Monopoly - standard treatment emphasizing that in the past, monopoly has come largely from the supply side and economies of scale (or government monopoly) but now monopoly can come from the demand side and network externalities (e.g. Microsoft).
在独占及寡占市场的最大利润－在过去这两个主题都被很简单地带过；像是在寡占市场中的***拗折需求曲线、或是简单地以Ｐａｌｍ及ＰＤＡ为例来说明独占市场。我重新修正这个章节的教材，我引用Glen 及 Sarah Ellison的文献里所提到的，网络销售如何利用诱因及转换的技巧解决竞争压力。
***拗折需求曲线的基本假设是，对手厂商会跟跌不跟涨；在此基本假设下会产生拗折的需求曲线。
Also Profit Maximization in Oligopoly and Monopolistic Competition. In the past, both topics have been treated very briefly - a kinked demand curve model in Oligopoly, a brief run-by of monopolistic competition using Palm Pilots and related pda's as an example. I am currently redesigning this section around Cournot and Bertrand Competition leading to a recent paper by Glen and Sarah Ellison on how web retailers survive competitive pressure using bait and switch techniques.
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赛局理论的简短介绍
Short Introduction to Game Theory.
讨论过去十年内财务无限制地扩张情形 - 我们会把重心放在强调有创意的设计之重要性。Fuller 及 Jensen 的文献中在讨论ＣＥＯ选择权（朱注：股票选择权）是源自于九０年代泡沫经济的一个很好的概念，但最后确变成股票分析师吸引金主购买的高利润报酬质押权。在这样的环境下，利润保护的缺失最终则会造成股票价格崩跌。
Discussion of Financial Excesses of the Past Decade - emphasis is on the importance of correct inventive design. Fuller and Jensen paper argues that CEO options began from a good idea but in the 1990s bubble, the options became hostage to stock analysts who set extravagant earnings projections to keep investors buying. In this environment, failure to make an earnings projection could ultimately cause a stock price (and a CEO's wealth) to collapse and this ultimately forced cooking of the books.
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介绍公共财、外部性：
Introduction to Public Goods, Externalities, etc. - standard treatment.
（个经课程结束，规划经济学开始）
(Microeconomics Ends; Planning Economics Begins)
规划经济是种多重目标的模组，它开始是用经济学的方式处理，但最后则是以非经济学着论谈的方式呈现。
Planning Economics, required of all students, is a more multi-discipline module which begins with an economic treatment of a subject and then presents a non-economist talking about a specific application/problem.
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理论－公共财及外部性
Theory = Public Goods and Externalities.
以Massachusetts郊区的土地使用分区达成特定使用结果来说明。这个案例我们会邀请到一个学校的教职人员来上课，他并且已是数个郊区城市的主要规划人员；这堂课会将焦点放在将目标转换成规范的困难度。
Application = Use of zoning to achieve particular ends in a Massachusetts suburb. Example taught by a faculty member who had been the head planner for several suburban towns. Example focuses on difficulty of translating goals into regulations.
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理论－区位理论.
Theory = Location Theory.
这三篇文献为经济活动集结在一起、及资讯技术如何分化活动等成因提出了易理解的理论。这同时也是再提独占市场的很好机会，因为区位上的差异足以让单一生产者成为独占市场。
The three papers combine to give a lively and accessible review of the major theories of why economic activity agglomerates, the role (if any) of information technologies of diffusing the activity, etc. This is also a chance to reintroduce monopolistic competition since locational differences are enough to turn otherwise identical producers into monopolistic competitors.
纽约市预算状况。这堂由在Rudy Giuliani（朱注：纽约著名的市长朱力安尼）在任时，担任都市预算部长的长官来上课。这堂课会着重于要如何处理财务赤字；倘使将公共设施预算删减，又会造成家庭及商业行为流失，反而造成问题扩大。
Application = The New York City budget situation. Case taught by the last city budget director under Rudy Giuliani. Emphasis is on how you think about dealing with the current deficit while minimizing those service cuts which will drive more business and middle class families out of the city, thereby deepening the problem.
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国际贸易理论
Theory = International Trade Theory.
国际劳动标准的关联性。这堂课由学校里的教职人员来上，他在ＮＧＯ（朱注：非政府组织）里十分活跃，主要致力于建立全球劳工网终，并改善工作环境及状况。
Application = Relevancy of International Labor Standards. Case taught by faculty member who has been active in NGO's and other groups building networks that try to improve working conditions in foreign suppliers to Nike, Banana Republic, etc., through publicity, etc.
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简单的投资工具／概念－净现值（NPV）及内部报酬率（IRR）等
Theory = Very Basic Investment Tools - NPV, IRR, etc.
评估一个更新计划；本堂课由一住具不动产财务评估经验的老师来上。被指定的案例包含好几页的讲易，里面陈述背景、问题及一张展开表等讯息。在上这堂课之前，你们应该用这张展开表的讯息先建构及列出公式试着回答里面的各种问题。
Application = Evaluating a proposed building renovation project. Case taught by an adjunct faculty member who has a real estate finance practice. Assigned case consists of several pages of background, questions, and a spreadsheet with all the relevant information (and other information that is not relevant). Before class, students have to use the spreadsheet information to set up and perform the calculations required to answer the questions.
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