在波士顿地区研究一个地点
Investigating a Site in the Boston Region
城市本身将提供给你比本学期任何研究资料更丰富的内容。用旧地图、印刷品和照片，但首先是利用自己的眼睛和头脑，你将有机会用课程中学到的知识去“解读”所选择的研究地点。贯穿本学期的专题分为五部分；作业长度分为二到六页，总共约为二十六页。前四份作业之一必须经过修订再次提交；每名学生在与写作导师商量后将选择作业进行修订和再次提交。在递交日期和得到分数之间，学生不可改动作业。在得到作业分数之后，可自由修订。
The city itself provides a text richer than any other you will read this semester. Using old maps, prints, and photographs, but primarily your own eyes and mind, you will have the opportunity to apply the knowledge gained in the course to "reading" a site of your choosing. This semester-long project will be due in five parts; the assignments vary in length from two to six pages, a total of approximately twenty-six pages. One of the first four assignments must be revised and resubmitted; each student, in consultation with the writing tutor, will choose the assignment to revise and resubmit. Students may not make changes to an assignment between the submission date and receipt of grade. After receiving your grade for an assignment, you are free to revise.
每份作业都要在与课程网站相链接的个人网站上发布。
Each assignment will be posted to your website, which will be linked to the class website.
作业1：选择研究点
Assignment 1: Select a Site
描述你的研究点，并思索它为什么吸引你。该地点提出了你希望在本学期找出解答的什么问题？作业长度需相当于两页打印纸，并附地图。
Describe your site and reflect on why it interests you. What questions does the place raise for which you hope to find answers this semester? The text should be equivalent to approximately two typed pages, accompanied by a map.
选择研究点
Select a Site
你的研究点可以是波士顿的任一地点，但须是你能在一学期时间内都可以多次便捷可达的地方。应包含四到八个街区。理想上，应包含一个以上土地使用类型。并且应是能激发你好奇心的地方。思索它为什么吸引你，你为什么会沉迷其中。该地点提出你希望在本学期中找到答案的什么问题？
Your site can be anywhere in Boston, but should be a place you can easily visit from time to time throughout the semester. It should be between four and eight blocks. Ideally, it should include more than one type of land use. And it should be a place which intrigues you. Reflect on why it interests you, why you are drawn to it. What questions does the place raise, for which you hope to find answers this semester?
总体而言，研究地点越具有多样性，随时间发展它就应该越有趣。但这并不是一个牢靠不变的规则。举个例子，如果你在波士顿闹市区选择一个研究点，那么该地点的使用可能全都是与商业相关的，但发展过程仍会非常有趣。
Generally, the more diversity your site has, the more interesting its development over time is likely to be. This is not a hard and fast rule. If you pick a site in downtown Boston, for example, the uses may be all commercial, but the development over time will still be very interesting.
土地使用是一种使用类型，比如居住型（独立家庭住宅，公寓），商业型（商店，办公室，电影院），工业型，公共组织型（学校，医院，教堂，邮局），娱乐型（公园，操场，高尔夫球场）。两种不同的土地使用可能是同一使用类型的两种不同类（独立家庭住宅与公寓），也可能指两种完全不同的使用类型（居住型与商业型）。
A land use means a type of use, for example residential (single family homes, apartments), commercial (stores, offices, movie theaters), industrial, institutional (schools, hospitals, churches, post office), recreation (park, playground, golf course). Two different land uses could mean two different kinds of the same use (single family homes and apartments) or it could mean two different kinds of use altogether (residential and commercial).
本项作业的长度应大约相当于两页纸，并必须附有标有研究地点界限的地图。
The text for this assignment should be equivalent to about two pages, and must be accompanied by a map of the location with the boundaries of your site indicated.
将作业发布于个人网站，并通过用电邮发给我地址。迟交将被扣分。没有导师事先书面许可不得延期。
Post the assignment online on your website and email the address to me. Late submissions will receive a reduction in grade. There will be no extensions without prior, written, consent of the instructor.
浏览课程网站，并在课前阅读关于同学们选择的研究点的资料。我们将在课堂上回顾和讨论这些研究点。
Visit the course website and read about your classmates' selections before class. We will review and discuss the sites in class.
作业2：历史上的研究点
Assignment 2: Your Site Through Time
利用不同类型的资源，比较多个时间点的特征，来查考研究点随时间的变化。你找到了什么变化？如何描述其特性？这些变化是逐步发生的还是突然出现的？同一时间段的变化是否相关？从一个时间到另一时间的又如何？你能否找出变化类型？什么可以解释你所发现的变化？它们是个人行为的产物还是受到广泛力量的影响（社会、文化、政治、经济，或者地方性的、地区性的、全国性、乃至全球范围的自然进程和条件，政策，事件，技术变革）？文章长度应相当于大约六页打印纸，并有图例。
Trace changes over time on your site by comparing its character at several points in time, using different types of sources. What changes do you find? How would you characterize them? Are the changes gradual or do they seem to happen suddenly? Do changes within a time period seem related? How about from one time to another? Can you find patterns in the changes? What might explain the changes you found? Were they merely an outcome of actions by individuals or do they reflect broader forces (social, cultural, political, economic, or natural processes and conditions at local, regional, national, or global scales; policies; events; technological changes)? The text should be equivalent to approximately six typed pages, accompanied by illustrations.
历史上的研究点
Your Site Through Time
这是贯穿本学期的专题的五部分中的第二部分。第一份作业是确立研究点。现在的任务是利用不同类型的资源，比较多个时间点的特征，来查考研究点随时间的变化。你会发现多种变化：土地利用，居住密度，建筑物增建，所有权，运输。对你有用的资源类型包括19世纪、20世纪的地图集；老地图，规划图，印刷品和照片。
This is the second part of a five-part, semester-long project. The first assignment was to find a site. Now the task is to trace changes on your site over time by comparing its character at several points in time, using different types of sources. You may find different kinds of changes: land use, density of settlement, additions to buildings, ownership, transportation. The types of sources you will find helpful may include nineteenth- and twentieth-century atlases; old maps, plans, and prints; and photographs.
以在不同时期的多份地图集上标出研究点的方式来开始研究。除现在的地图外，应至少有三份不同时期的地图，并最少有一份是19世纪的。通过对不同时期研究点的比较，你会发现一些时期的变化要比另一些时期的更有意义。记录你认为重要或有趣的变化。你可能会想要向左或向右移一个街区以便包括你所发现的有趣的素材，或稍微扩大或缩小研究地点来轻微修改研究点。最终的研究点应包括四到八个街区。
Start your investigation by locating your site on maps in several atlases of different dates. Include at least three different time periods in addition to the present, including at least one from the nineteenth century. By comparing your site at different times, you are likely to find that changes between some dates are more significant than others. Record the changes you think are important or interesting. You may want to modify your site slightly by shifting it a block or so to include interesting material that you have found or to make the site a bit larger or smaller. The site you end up with should contain four to eight blocks.
描述你所发现的东西，你确定的原因和你的推断。文本长度应大约相当于六页打印纸，并有图例（不要忘了列出每个图例的来源！）。重点放在最重要和有趣的事物上；注意寻找当中的模式。不要试图涵盖所有方面。这是一项可以占用你整个学期的作业。作业的目标是让你能判别城市如何随时间而转变，激励你提问为什么，并探寻答案。
Describe what you have found, the causes you have identified, and your reasoning. The text should be equivalent to about six typed pages, accompanied by illustrations (don't forget to list the source of each illustration!). Focus on what seems most significant and interesting; look for patterns. Don't try to cover everything. This is an assignment that could occupy you for an entire semester. The objective of the assignment is to give you a sense of how cities change over time, to prompt you to question why, and to search for answers.
成功的论文是条理清晰的，为每一点列举具体例子，在文中给出例证，参考必读文本，并附图例。在组织论文时，重点在你所发现的变化类型及其引出的重要问题；考虑使用副标题来强调关键点。仔细选择例子，要详细且有意义，并能论述你所发现的变化类型。图例（地图、印刷品、照片的拷贝）应与你的推论清晰相关，质量重要于数量。应含有一份标有研究点界限的地图。不要忘了列出每个图例的出处。
Successful papers are well organized, cite specific examples to make each point, put examples in context, make reference to required texts, and are illustrated. In organizing your paper, focus on the patterns of change you found and the important issues they raise; consider using subheadings to highlight your key points. Choose your examples carefully. They should be specific and significant, illustrative of the patterns of change you found. Illustrations (copies of maps, prints, photographs) should be apt and clearly linked to your reasoning; quality is important, not quantity. Include a map identifying the boundaries of your site. Do not forget to list the source of each illustration.
立刻开始本项作业。在开始思索变化及其可能的原因前，应先在旧地图上找出研究点。地图收藏有自己的开放时间，并不一定在图书馆其它部分开放时开放。给自己充足的时间。
Start on this assignment right away. It requires finding your site on old maps before you can even begin to puzzle out the changes and their possible causes. Map collections often have their own hours and may not always be open when the rest of the library is. Leave yourself plenty of time.
收录用来分析研究点变化的图例拷贝非常重要。如果利用微缩胶片地图集，那么很容易制作拷贝。如果使用的是不能在拷贝机上复印的装订地图集，应临摹作图或拍照。
It is important to include copies of the illustrations used to analyze the changes on your site. If you use the atlases on microfilm, copies are easily made. If you use bound atlases, which may not be reproduced on a copy machine, you may need to make drawn copies or photograph them.
在个人主页上发布作业。迟交将被扣分。没有导师事先书面许可不得延期。
Post the assignment on your home page. Late submissions will receive a reduction in grade. There will be no extensions without prior, written, consent of the instructor.
资源
Sources
1.获得研究点地图并作出标注。这对做笔记或论述论文要点非常有用。现行波士顿再开发局的地图可在波士顿市政厅找到。其它城市（如剑桥和萨默维尔）的地图 ，可向当地规划署查询。
1. Getting a map of your site to make notes on. This is useful for taking notes on and for illustrating points in your paper. Current Boston Redevelopment Authority maps are available at Boston City Hall. For other cities, like Cambridge and Somerville, you should check with the local planning commission.
2.在19世纪和20世纪的地图集中找到研究点。麻省理工学院Rotch图书馆有大量可以查阅甚至拷贝的地图集。也许在麻省理工学院的收藏中不能找到所有需要的地图，那么在波士顿地区还有其它资源，例如波士顿公共图书馆，剑桥公共图书馆以及Pusey图书馆的哈佛大学地图收藏。
2. Finding your site in the nineteenth- and twentieth-century atlases. MIT's Rotch Library has numerous atlases that you may consult and even copy. You probably will not find all the maps you need in the MIT collection, and there are other sources in the Boston region, such as the Boston Public Library, the Cambridge Public Library, and the Harvard Map Collection in Pusey Library.
地图集：G. M. Hopkins（19世纪）；Bromley（19世纪及20世纪初期）；Sanborn（大部分为20世纪）。
Atlases: G. M. Hopkins (nineteenth century); Bromley (nineteenth and early twentieth century); Sanborn (mainly twentieth century).
其他图书馆
Other Libraries
在访问其它图书馆前先探查Rotch图书馆的资源。图书管理员会赞赏你丰富的知识，并善用麻省理工学院的资源。注意时间：通常地图收藏区并不是在图书馆所有开放时间都开放。据此安排时间。
Explore the resources of the Rotch Library before visiting other libraries. Librarians will appreciate that you are knowledgeable and have already exhausted the resources at MIT. Note hours: map collections frequently are not open during all library hours. Plan your time accordingly.
作业3：研究点与自然进程
Assignment 3: Your Site and Natural Processes
寻找研究点的环境历史和正在进行的自然进程的证据。本项作业的目标是探索自然进程是如何随时间来塑造城市的。文本长度应相当于约六页打印纸，并附图例。
Find evidence on your site of its environmental history and ongoing natural processes. The objective of this assignment is to discover how natural processes shape cities over time. The text should be equivalent to approximately six typed pages, accompanied by illustrations.
研究点与自然进程
Your Site and Natural Processes
这是本项贯穿整学期的专题的五部分中的第三部分。第一部分包括确立一个研究点，第二部分是查考研究点随时间的变化。现在的任务是寻找研究点的环境历史和正在进行的自然进程的证据。在探究研究点及其环境的过程中，目标是探索自然进程是如何塑造城市的。
This is the third part of a five-part, semester-long project. The first part consisted of finding a site, the second of tracing changes on the site over time. Now the task is to find evidence on your site of its environmental history and ongoing natural processes. The objective, through the examination of your site and its context, is to explore how natural processes shape cities.
课堂讲稿和指定阅读材料会对发现和思索自然进程是如何塑造并继续塑造研究点很有帮助；迄今为止，应当已经阅读过 《特写：如何解读美国城市》 ，并读完了 《花岗岩花园》 。
Lecture notes and required readings will be helpful in identifying and thinking about how natural processes have shaped and continue to shape your site; by now, you should have read Close-Up: How to Read the American City and should finish reading The Granite Garden.
以在早期波士顿地图上标出研究点的方式来开始研究，例如曾在课堂上展示过的地图（其中许多在John Reps的《美国城市的形成》中可找到 ；其它书中也有很多）。这些地图是否描述了你的研究点所独有的自然特征？可能会包括河流或小溪，池塘，小山，峡谷。假若如此，这些特征（或缺乏这些特征）是否对研究点的居住有影响？将研究点所在地与波士顿的自然特征作为一个整体进行研究。根据你在上一份作业所学到的研究地点发展，你是否认为这个背景影响了发展？
Start your investigation by locating your site on early maps of Boston, such as those shown in lectures (several of these are depicted in John Reps, The Making of Urban America; many can be found in other books). Do these maps depict any natural features on your site itself? These may include rivers or streams, ponds, hills and valleys. If so, did these features (or the absence of them) influence the settlement of your site? Examine your site's location in relation to the natural features of Boston as a whole. Given what you learned about the development of your site in the last assignment, do you think this context influenced that development?
漫步于研究点，找寻建成城市前的风景：例如地形或水源特征。并要寻找进行着的空气，地球，水，和生命的自然过程标志（例如，光和风；水流和侵蚀；植物生长和动物运动） 。这些是如何与在课堂和《花岗岩花园》中讨论过的环境问题相关的？制作标有观察笔记的研究点地图。
Take a walk through your site looking for signs of its pre-urban landscape: topography, for example, or water features. Look also for signs of ongoing natural processes of air, earth, water, and life (for example, light and wind; water flow and erosion; plant growth and animal movements). How do these relate to some of the larger environmental issues discussed in lectures and The Granite Garden? Make a map of your site with field notes of your observations.
描述你所发现的。论文应有六页纸长（双倍行距），并附图例。注意寻找当中的模式。附上一份用来讨论研究点环境背景的地图（不要忘了标注研究点并列出地图来源！）
Describe what you have found. The paper should be about six pages (typed double-spaced), and accompanied by illustrations. Look for patterns. Include a copy of the map you used to discuss the environmental context of your site (don't forget to identify your site and to list the source of the map!).
成功的论文是条理清晰的，为每一点列举具体例子，在上下文中设立图例，并论述。在组织论文时，重点在你所发现的变化类型及其引出的重要问题。不光是单纯描述，要认真选择例子并讨论其意义。
Successful papers are well organized, cite specific examples to make each point, put examples in context, and are illustrated. In organizing your paper, focus on the features you found and the broader issues they raise. Go beyond mere description. Choose your examples carefully and discuss their significance.
在个人主页上发布作业并通过电邮发给我地址。迟交将被扣分。事先没有导师的书面许可不得延期。
Post the assignment on your home page and send me the address. Late submissions will receive a reduction in grade. There will be no extensions without prior, written, consent of the instructor.
作业4：艺术品，阶层，遗迹，与趋势
Assignment 4: Artifacts, Layers, Traces, and Trends
漫步于研究点，你发现了哪些关于过去、现在或将来的潜在用途和居民的信息？你发现了哪些不同类型的遗迹，它们属于研究点历史上哪个时期和族群？它们揭露了过去和现在的什么信息？本次作业的目标是正确评价过去的所有者、功用、事件及生活方式是如何留下痕迹的，并通过试着认识这些遗迹并解决它们意义的难题来增加“解读”研究点的经验。文本长度应约相当于六页打印纸，并附图例。
Walking around your site, what clues can you find to past, current, and potential future uses and residents? What different kinds of traces can you find and what period and population of the site's history do they belong to? What do they reveal about the past and the present? The objective of this assignment is to give an appreciation for how past owners, functions, events, and ways of life leave traces and to give experience in "reading" the site by learning to recognize these traces and work out the puzzles of their significance. The text should be equivalent to approximately six typed pages, accompanied by illustrations.
艺术品，阶层，遗迹，与趋势
Artifacts, Layers, Traces, and Trends
这是本项贯穿整个学期的专题的五部分中的第四份作业。第二份作业的任务是利用老地图，规划图，印刷品，和照片来追踪研究点随时间的变化。现在的目标是探寻这些变化在当代环境中有何展现，并诠释其意义。你们中的很多之所以会被研究点所吸引是因为一些独有的特征，这些特征困扰着你们，让你们想知道它们为什么会在那儿，是什么促成了它们。现在是一个探索这些问题答案的机会。
This is the fourth assignment in a five-part, semester-long project. The task of the second assignment was to trace changes on your site over time using old maps, plans, prints, and photographs. Now the objective is to find traces of these changes present in the current environment and to interpret their significance. Many of you were attracted to your site because of some anomalous features that puzzled you and made you wonder why they were there and what had caused them to be. This is an opportunity to explore some answers to such puzzles.
漫步于研究点，寻找那哪些关于过去，或将来的线索？参考用来分析第二份作业的老地图会很有帮助（以及老的印刷品和照片，如果有的话）。多次行走于研究区域，每一次为了一个你所拥有地图的时期，并比较今天的研究点与地图所显示的那个时段的研究点。这要比一次比较不同时间的三、四张地图容易。也要探寻过去族群的痕迹。记录你所看到的。你能找到哪些不同类型的遗迹，它们属于研究点历史上的那个阶段？它们是否在某方面相关？描述你认为最重要或有趣的痕迹。它们揭示了哪些过去和现在的事？它们为何会残留？它们是否还在履行原始目的？它们是否揭示了现在和／或将来？你还发现了哪些存在于现在，可以暗示将来潜在趋势的额外线索？
Take a walk through your site looking for clues to the past and to what the future may hold. You will find it helpful to refer to the old maps you analyzed for the second assignment (and old prints and photographs if you have them). Walk through the site several times, once for each period for which you have a map, and compare the site today with what it was like at the time depicted on the map. This will be easier than trying to compare three or four maps from different time periods all at once. Look also for traces of past populations. Make notes on what you see. What different kinds of traces can you find and what period of the site's history do they belong to? Do they relate to one another in any way? Describe the traces you think are most important or interesting. What do they reveal about the past and the present? Why did they survive? Are they still fulfilling some original purpose? Do they reveal anything about the present and/or future? What additional clues can you find in the present that hint at potential trends for the future?
描述你发现的。论文应约有六页纸，并附图例（不要忘了包括第二份作业的地图链接）。重点在你认为最有意义和有趣的事。寻找当中的模式。不要试图提到每一项你所找到的过去遗迹或每一个趋势的线索。本次作业的目标是正确评价过去的所有者、功用、事件及生活方式是如何留下痕迹的，并在此理解基础上，给你一个推测研究点在将来会如何发展的机会。
Describe what you have found. The paper should be about six pages, and accompanied by illustrations (don't forget to include links to the maps from the second assignment). Focus on what seems most significant or interesting to you. Look for patterns. Don't try to mention every trace of the past you find or every clue to a trend. The objective of this assignment is to give you an appreciation for how past owners, functions, events, and ways of life have left traces on your site and, based on this understanding, to give you the opportunity to speculate on how the site may develop in the future.
用图片说明一些你找到的艺术品，阶层，遗迹和趋势。这些图例可能是老地图，照片，和印刷品，但也要包括一些你看到的发现的有意义的素描或照片。如果你质疑自己的艺术技能的话，不要感到害怕。作业的目的是记录你所看到的并强调其意义。例证会按内容质量评分；你的分数不会因为缺乏艺术技巧而降低。图例是记录和思索观测结果的另一种途径。组织图例并简洁描述。要有选择性：质量远重于数量。不要期望用大量的图片来得高分。
Illustrate some of the artifacts, layers, traces, and trends that you found. These illustrations may include old maps, photographs, and prints, but should also include some drawings or photographs of what you saw and found significant. Do not feel intimidated if you doubt your artistic skills. The object is to record what you see and highlight what is significant about it. The illustrations will be graded on quality of content; your grade will not be reduced for lack of artistic skill. Illustrations are another way of recording and thinking about your observations. Organize the illustrations and present them neatly. Be selective: quality is more important than quantity. Do not use dozens of photographs hoping a few will hit the mark.
成功的论文是条理清晰的，为每一点列举具体例子，在文中给出例证并论述。在组织论文过程中，重点在你所发现的艺术品，阶层，遗迹，和趋势，以及它们引发的重要问题及阐明方式；可以考虑用副标题来强调重点。仔细选择例子。它们应能阐明你认为研究点中的重要问题和类型。图例应与你的推论清晰相关。包含标明研究点界线的地图。不要忘了列出每个图例的来源。
Successful papers are well organized, cite specific examples to make each point, put examples in context, and are illustrated. In organizing your paper, focus on the artifacts, layers, traces, and trends that you found, the important issues they raise, and patterns they illustrate; consider using subheadings to highlight your key points. Choose your examples carefully. They should illustrate the issues and patterns you identified as important in your site. Illustrations should be apt and clearly linked to your reasoning. Include a map identifying the boundaries of your site. Do not forget to list the source of each illustration.
在个人主页上发布作业并通过电邮发给我地址。迟交将被扣分。事先没有导师的书面许可不得延期。
Post the assignment on your home page and send me the address. Late submissions will receive a reduction in grade. There will be no extensions without prior, written, consent of the instructor.
作业5：讲述研究点的故事
Assignment 5: Telling Your Site's Story
