| 1 |
Introduction Questions
of the Day: What is Urban Design? What is Urban Development?
How are they connected? |
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| 2 |
Ways of Seeing the City
Questions of the Day: What are the visible
signs of change in cities? How can we measure the form of cities?
How do the underlying values of the observer influence what
is observed? |
Clay, Grady. “Epitome Districts.”
Close-Up: How to Read the American City, 38-65.
Jacobs, Allan. “Clues” and “Seeing Change.”
Looking At Cities, 30-83 and 99-107.
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| 3 |
The Forces that Made Boston
Question of the Day: What does the history
of Boston’s development tell us about the issues facing
the city today?
Discussion of Exercise 1 |
Krieger, Alex. “Past Futures:
Boston-- Visionary Plans and Practical Visions.” Places
5, no. 3: 56-71.
Lynch, Kevin. The Image of the City, 1-25. |
| 4 |
The Design of American
Cities Question of the Day: What
is the difference between agrarian settlements and industrial
cities? What happened to cities as America industrialized? |
Morris, Anthony E.J. "Urban USA."
History of Urban Form. London: George Godwin, 1979: 254-289.
Hall, Peter. “The City of Dreadful Night.” Cities
of Tomorrow. Oxford: Blackwell, 1988: 14-46.
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| 5 |
Walking Tour of Boston
(Optional but highly encouraged) |
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| 6 |
Urban Design and the American
Workplace Questions of the Day: What
were nineteenth century and early twentieth century housing
and workplace reformers trying to reform? Do we still have company
towns?
In-class Video: Excerpt from “The Workplace”--
on Lowell, Mass. and Pullman, Illinois. |
Crawford, Margaret. "Textile Landscapes:
1790-1850." and "The Company Town in an Era of Industrial Expansion."
Building the Workingman's Paradise: The Design of American Company
Towns. New York: Verso, 1995: 11-45.
Rowe,Peter. "Corporate Estates," Making a Middle Landscape.
MIT Press, 1991: 149-181.
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| 7 |
Development of Controls
and Institutionalization of Planning Question
of the Day: Can we design cities without designing
buildings? |
Lewis, Roger K. “The Powers
and Pitfalls of Zoning,” and “From Zoning to Master
Planning... and Back.” Shaping the City. Washington: AIA
Press, 1987: 274-281.
Barnett, Jonathan. “Zoning, Mapping, and Urban Renewal
as Urban Design Techniques.” An Introduction to Urban
Design. New York: Harper and Row, 1982: 57-75.
Boston Redevelopment Authority. Citizen’s Guide to Zoning
for Boston. 1-24. |
| 8 |
Zoning and Beyond: Urban
Design Guidelines Question of the Day:
What is the relationship between development incentives and
quality public space?
In-class Video: “The Social Life of
Small Urban Spaces” |
Whyte, William H. “The Rise
and Fall of Incentive Zoning." City: Rediscovering the Center.
New York: Doubleday, 1988: 229- 55.
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| 9 |
In-Class Field Trip to the
Boston Redevelopment Authority |
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| 10 |
New Directions in Land
Use Regulation: Performance Zoning Question
of the Day: How can new developments in zoning improve
Cambridge?
Guest Speaker: Philip Herr |
Jaffe, Martin. "Performance Zoning--A
Reassessment." Land Use Law and
Zoning Digest 45, no. 3 (March 1993): 3-9.
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PART II: CHANGING CITIES
BY DESIGNING NEW ONES
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| 11 |
THREE URBAN UTOPIAS:
1. Ebenezer Howard’s Garden City
2. Le Corbusier’s Radiant City
3. Frank Lloyd Wright’s Broadacre City Questions
of the Day: What assumptions does each thinker make
about how people should live in cities? What beliefs does each
hold about the relationship between city design and social change?
What aspects of these “utopias” have actually come
to pass?
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Howard, Ebenezer.
“Introduction,” and “The Town-Country Magnet.”
Garden Cities of To-morrow. (1902), 41-57.
Wright, Frank Lloyd. “Broadacre City.” Truth Against
the World: Frank Lloyd Wright Speaks for an Organic Architecture.
351-361.
Le Corbusier. The City of To-morrow and Its Planning. 232-247
and 275-288. |
| 12 |
NEW TOWNS IN THE UNITED
STATES & ABROAD Question of the Day:
What motivates planners to design new towns? |
Stein, Clarence.
“Radburn, New Jersey.” Toward New Towns for America.
Cambridge: MIT Press, 1989 [1950 original].
Vale, Lawrence J. “Designed Capitals After World War
II: Chandigarh and Brasília.” Architecture, Power,
and National Identity. New Haven: Yale University Press, 1992:
105-27. |
| 13 |
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PART III: CHANGING CITIES
BY EXTENDING THEM: DESIGNING SUBURBS AND REGIONS
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| 14 |
The Origins and Growth
of Suburbs Questions of the Day:
Why do we have suburbs? How and why do the designs of new suburbs
differ from the designs of older ones? |
Jackson, Kenneth.“Introduction.”
“The Transportation Revolution and the Erosion of the Walking
City,” and “Affordable Homes for the Common Man.”
Crabgrass Frontier : The Suburbanization of the United States.
New York: Oxford University Press, 1985, 3-11, 20-44, and 116-137.
Fishman, Robert. “The Post-War American Suburb: A New
Form, A New City.” Two Centuries of American Planning.
Baltimore: Johns Hopkins U. Press, 1988: 265-278. |
| 15 |
Rethinking American Suburbs
Questions of the Day: How do “urbanism”
and “suburbanism” differ as “ways of life”?
What are the social consequences of sprawl?
In-class Video: Andres Duany “Suburban
Sprawl or Livable Neighborhoods” (excerpt #1) |
Southworth, Michael and Owens, Peter
M. “The Evolving Metropolis: Studies of Community, Neighborhood
and Street Form at the Urban Edge.” Journal of the American
Planning Association. Summer 1993, 271-87.
Gans, Herbert. “Urbanism and Suburbanism as Ways of Life:
A Re-evaluation of Definitions.” People and Plans: Essays
on Urban Problems and Solutions. New York: Basic Books, 1968:
34-52. |
| 16 |
Design Standards
Guest Speaker: Kath Phelan |
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| 17 |
Neo-Traditionalism and
New Urbanism Question of the Day:
What is the appeal of small town life, and can this be designed?
In-class Video: Andres Duany “Suburban
Sprawl or Livable Neighborhoods” (excerpt #2) |
Audirac, Ivonne and Shermyen, Anne
H. “An Evaluation of Neotraditional Design’s Social
Prescription: Postmodern Placebo or Remedy for Suburban Malaise?”
Journal of Planning Education and Research. (Spring 1994), 161-
173.
Krier, Leon. “Town and Country,” “Critique
of Zoning,” “Critique of Industrialisation,”
“The Idea of Reconstruction,” and “Urban Components.”
Houses, Palaces, Cities, 30-42.
Langdon, Philip.“The Rediscovery of the Town.”
A Better Place to Live: Reshaping the American Suburb. New York:
HarperPerennial, 1994: 107-47.
Congress for the New Urbanism, "Charter of the New Urbanism,"
1998: 2 pp. |
| 18 |
Designing Heritage Areas
Question of the Day: How can urban designers
create new economic value for historic places?
Guest Speaker: Dennis Frenchman |
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| 19 |
Regional Planning and Changes
in Metropolitan Form Question of the Day:
What is gained by trying to manage design and development at
the level of the region? |
Calthorpe, Peter and Fulton, William.
Introduction (1-12), Chapter 6 —“Designing the Region”
(107-171) and Conclusion ( 271-277). The Regional City: Planning
for the End of Sprawl. Washington, D.C., Island Press, 2001. |
PART IV: CHANGING
CITIES BY REDESIGNING THEIR CENTERS
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| 20 |
Urban Renewal and its Critics
Questions of the Day: When does a “neighborhood”
become a “slum”? How does one achieve a balance
between "renewal" and "preservation"?
In-class Videos: Home Movies from Boston’s
West End and West End Reunion |
Gans, Herbert.“The
West End: An Urban Village.” The Urban Villagers. New York:
Free Press, 1962: 3-16.
Jacobs, Jane. Death and Life of Great American Cities. New York:
Vintage, 1961: 3-25.
Mumford, Lewis. “Home Remedies for Urban Cancer.”
The Urban Prospect. New York: Harcourt Brace Jovanovich, 1968:
182-207.
Gans, Herbert.“Urban Vitality and the Fallacy of Physical
Determinism.” (Review of Jane Jacobs’ book). People
and Plans, 25-33. |
| 21 |
The Tumult of American
Public Housing Question of the Day:
What does urban design have to do with the problems of American
public housing? |
Franck, Karen A.
and Mostoller, Michael. “From Courts to Open Space to Streets:
Changes in the Site Design of U.S. Public Housing.” Journal
of Architectural and Planning Research 12,3. Autumn, 1995: 186-220.
Newman, Oscar. “Housing Design and the Control of Behavior.”
Community of Interest. 1980: 48-77.
Vale, Lawrence J. "From the Puritans to the Projects: The Ideological
Origins of American Public Housing." Harvard Design Magazine.
Summer 1999: 52-57.
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| 22 |
The End of Suburbia
Question of the Day: Are suburbs being urbanized
and cities being suburbanized?
Guest Speaker: Prof. Robert Fishman, University
of Michigan |
Fishman, Robert.
“The American Garden City: Still Relevant?” and "The
Garden City” Past, Present, and Future. London: E&FN
Spon, 1994: 146-164.
“Bye Bye Suburban Dream.” Newsweek. May 15, 1994.
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| 23 |
Downtown Development and
the Privitization of Public Space Question
of the Day: Is ‘Public Space’ Being ‘Privatized’?
In-class Video: Gated Communities |
Frieden, Bernard
and Sagalyn, Lynne. Downtown, Inc. Cambridge: MIT Press, 1989:
1-13, and 215-238.
Rybczynski, Witold. “The New Downtowns.” The Atlantic
Monthly. May 1993: 98-106.
Robertson, Kent A. “Downtown Redevelopment Strategies
in the United States: An End-of-the-Century Assessment.”
Journal of the American Planning Association 61,4. Autumn, 1995:
429-437.
Davis, Mike. “Fortress Los Angeles: The Militarization
of Urban Space.” Variations on a Theme Park: The New American
City and the End of Public Space. NY: Noonday, 1992. |
| 24 |
Alternatives to New Urbanism
Question of the Day: Are there good alternatives
to New Urbanism? |
Zimmerman, Martin.“Is
New Urbanism Growing Old?: An Interview with Andres Duany.”
Planning. June 2001: 10-13.
Inner-city New Urbanism
McKee, Bradford. “Public Housing’s Last Hope.”
Architecture. August 1997: 94-105.
Celebrating Congestion/Critical Urbanism
Koolhaas, Rem. "Whatever Happened to Urbanism?" S,M.L.XL. 959-971.
New Public Realms
Vale, Lawrence J. "New Public Realms: Re-Imaging the City-Region."
Imaging the City: Continuing Struggles and New Directions. New
Brunswick, NJ: Center for Urban Policy Research, 2001. |
PART V: IMPLEMENTING
CHANGE: NEW RULES, NEW PARTICIPANTS, OLD PROBLEMS
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| 25 |
Urban Design Futures: E-topia
and the City of Bits Question of the Day:
How have advances in telecommunications technology changed the
way we use and conceive cities?
Guest Speaker: Dean Bill Mitchell |
Mitchell, William J. "March of the
Meganets" and "Homes and Neighborhoods." from E-topia : "Urban
Life, Jim, But Not As We Know It." MIT Press, 1999.
Also, explore the on-line version of William J. Mitchell,
City of Bits , especially chapter 5, “Soft Cities”:
http://addendum.mit.edu/e-books/City_of_Bits/
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| 26 |
The Rise of Environmental
Concerns and Regulation Question of the Day:
How can cities best benefit from the natural environment without
further harming it?
Guest Speaker: Prof. Anne Whiston Spirn
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Spirn, Anne Whiston.“The City
as an Infernal Machine,” and “Designing the
Urban Ecosystem.” The Granite Garden: Urban Nature and Human
Design. New York: Basic Books, 1984: 229-262 .
Hough, Michael. “Introduction” and “Urban
Ecology, A Basis For Design.” City Form and Natural Process:
Towards a New Urban Vernacular. London: Croom Helm: 1-27.
Barnett, Jonathan. “Environmental Design and Environmental
Conservation.”
An Introduction to Urban Design. New York: Harper and Row, 1982:
15-26. |
| 27 |
The Rise of Community Activism
Guest Speaker: Ken Kruckemeyer
Questions of the Day: How has community participation
changed urban design and development? Can urban development
be a force for social equity? |
Peirce, Neal R. and Guskind, Robert.“Boston’s
Southwest Corridor: People Power Makes History.” Breakthroughs:
Recreating the American City. New Brunswick, N.J.: Center for
Urban Policy Research, 1993: 83-114. |
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Last Class |
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