Madnick, Stuart, and Y. Richard Wang. 用于策略性优势之复合资讯系统架构。. 于1988年之夏威夷系统科学国际会议发表。 1988年一月，第35-43页。

策略应用的一个重要部份，牵涉到公司间的连系或公司内的整合。此部份的应用，需要多个系统一起运作。此种资讯系统被称为 复合资讯系统 (CIS). 本文介绍通往CIS广泛基础的各项研究议题与方向。本文同时也对CIS及其相关研究领域的策略性、技术性、和组织性议题作研讨。
（朱注：该会议的全文文件在此。）

Madnick, Stuart, and Y. Richard Wang. A Framework of Composite Information Systems for Strategic Advantage. Proceedings of the 1988 Hawaii International Conference on System Sciences, January 1988, pp. 35-43.

One important category of strategic applications involves inter-corporate linkage or intra-corporate integration. Applications in this category require multiple systems to work together. This category of Information Systems is referred to as Composite Information Systems (CIS). This paper presents the research issues and directions that may lead to a comprehensive foundation of CIS. This paper also investigates the strategic, technical, and organizational issues involved in CIS and the corresponding research directions.

Evans, Philip, and Thomas Wurster. 虚拟商务的真象。波士顿．麻州：哈佛商业评论， 1999年11-12月，第85-94页。

本文探讨影响范围(Reach)、丰富度(Richness)、参与度(Affiliation)、和带领(Navigator)角色的概念。影响范围指的是存取和连结以及来源和接收的程度。丰富度指的是资讯系统给予和搜集的深度与详细程度。参与度指的是使用者表现出感兴趣的程度。“领航者”的重心将具有巨大的力量和市场价值，而“变化的”带领角色将能够帮助我们对各个电子零售商作比较。（朱注：本阅读资料要花钱买）

Evans, Philip, and Thomas Wurster. Getting Real About Virtual Commerce. Boston, MA: Harvard Business Review, November-December 1999, pp. 85-94.

This paper discusses the notions of reach, richness, affiliation, and the role of navigators. Reach is the degree of access and connections, sources and receivers. Richness is the depth and detail of information system gives and collects. Affiliation is the degree to which the user's interests are represented. There is a major focus on "navigators" which will have enormous power and market value and "meta" navigators which can help compare multiple e-retailers.

Porter, Michael, and Victor Millar. 资讯如何带给你竞争优势。 波士顿．麻州：哈佛商业评论， 1985年7-8月，第149-160页。

从波特被广泛引用的竞争策略 和 竞争优势 中，归纳出关键概念。本文指出影响产业获利能力的 五力 ：

1. 新竞争者的进入
2. 替代性商品的威胁
3. 下游的势力
4. 供应商的势力，以及
5. 与目前对手间的竞争。

本文也提出三个迈向成功的一般性策略：

1. 成本领导者
2. 差异化，以及
3. 利基市场。

另一个重要的概念 价值链。价值链的五个构成要素为：

1. 内运物流
2. 营运
3. 配送物流
4. 营销和销售，以及
5. 服务。

还有三个基础活动支援价值链：

1. 人力资源管理
2. 研发，以及
3. 采购。

价值链提供了一个系统化的方法，来检视公司内的所有动作。价值链间的连系或“连结”，是产生策略性优势的重要方法。此外，本文也指出三个 科技影响竞争力的方式 ：

1. 科技改变了产业结构
2. 科技促进低成本和差异化策略，以及
3. 科技造成大量新事业。

Porter, Michael, and Victor Millar. How Information Gives You Competitive Advantage. Boston, MA: Harvard Business Review, July-August 1985, pp. 149-160.

Presents a summary of the key ideas from Porter's widely-cited books Competitive Strategy and Competitive Advantage. It identifies five forces that determine industry profitability:

1. the entry of new competitors
2. the threat of substitutes
3. the power of buyers
4. the power of suppliers, and
5. rivalry among the existing competitors.

It also proposes three generic strategies for success:

1. cost leadership
2. differentiation, and
3. focus.

Another important concept is the value chain. The five major components of the value chain are:

1. inbound logistics
2. operations
3. outbound logistics
4. marketing & sales, and
5. service.

There are three infrastructure activities that support the value chain:

1. human resource management
2. technology development, and
3. procurement.

The value chain provides a systematic way to examine all the activities of a firm. Linkages, or "connectivity", between value chains is an important way to exploit strategic advantages. Furthermore, this article identifies three ways that technology affects competition:

1. it alters industry structure
2. it supports cost and differentiation strategies, and
3. it spawns new businesses.

Porter, Michael E. 策略和网际网络。哈佛商业评论， 2001年3月，第63-78页。

同样也是用五力分析与价值链模型，但是以网际网络为主题。他认为网际网络并没有改变“旧游戏规则”。他打破许多网际网络在近年来逐渐开朗的神话，并阐明“旧游戏规则”也就是“新游戏规则”。他同时也建议了六个策略定位的原则：

1. 正确的目标
2. 注意价值
3. 特有的价值链
4. 考虑其代价
5. 适合度，以及
6. 对目标的坚持。

Porter, Michael E. Strategy and the Internet. Harvard Business Review, March 2001, pp. 63-78.

Also uses the five forces model and value chain model, but in the context of the Internet. He argues that the Internet does not change the "old rules". He dispels many Internet myths, which have become more obvious in recent years, and illustrates that the "old rules" are also the "new rules." He also suggests six principles for Strategic Positioning:

1. right goal
2. value proposition
3. distinctive value chain
4. trade-offs
5. fit, and
6. continuity of direction.

Short, James, and N. Venkatramen. Short, James, and N. Venkatramen. 在商业流程再造之后：重新定义 Baxter 的商业网络。 Cambridge, MA: MIT 史隆管理评论， 1992 秋，第7-21页。

本文描述美国医疗供应商─Baxter 资讯系统的演进。我们将在课堂上讨论许多与麦克森个案类似的情况，麦克森个案并无阅读资料。

Short, James, and N. Venkatramen. Beyond Business Process Redesign: Redefining Baxter's Business Network. Cambridge, MA: MIT Sloan Management Review, Fall 1992, pp. 7-21.

This reading describes the evolution of the American Hospital Supply - Baxter information systems. There are many parallels to the McKesson case that we will discuss in class. There are no readings on the McKesson case.

Venkatraman, N. 实现资讯科技的商业转型。 剑桥，麻州：MIT 史隆管理评论，1992 秋，第7-21页。

本文描述美国医疗供应商─Baxter 资讯系统的演进。我们将在课堂上讨论许多与麦克森个案类似的情况，麦克森个案并无阅读资料。

Venkatraman, N. IT-Enabled Business Transformation. Cambridge, MA: MIT Sloan Management Review, Winter 1994, pp. 73-87.

This reading highlights the different ways that IT can impact and transform a business. Many of these different ways will be seen in the McKesson discussion.

Vargo, John, and Ray Hunt. 区域网络 ─ 原理和元件。第五章 商用电信：策略及应用。 Richard Irwin，1996年，第167-223页。

本文提出各种不同区域网络架构的概述。其重心在媒介(例：双绞线、同轴电缆、光纤)、拓扑(例：汇流排、树状、星状)、和存取控制(例：CSMA/CD、记号环网络)。

Vargo, John, and Ray Hunt. Local Area Networks - Principles and Components. Chap. 5 in Telecommunications in Business: Strategy and Application. Richard Irwin, 1996, pp. 167-223.

This paper presents an overview of the various Local Area Network (LAN) architectures. The focus is on media (e.g., twisted pair, coax, optical fiber), topology (e.g., bus, tree, ring) and access control (e.g., CSMA/CD, token ring).

Stallings, William.OSI参考模型。第二章。网络标准：OSI、区域网络、和都会网络标准入门。Addison-Wesley，1993年，第17-56页。

本文提出基于国际标准组织的OSI参考模型之通讯网络概观。OSI参考模型包括以下七层协定：

1. 实体层
2. 资料连结层
3. 网络层
4. 传输层
5. 会谈层
6. 表识层，以及
7. 应用层。

Stallings, William. The OSI Reference Model. Chap. 2 in Networking Standards: A Guide to OSI, LAN, and MAN Standards. Addison-Wesley, 1993, pp. 17-56.

Presents a good overview of communication network concepts based upon the ISO Reference Model of Open System Interconnection (OSI). The OSI model consists of seven layers of protocols:

1. physical
2. data link
3. network
4. transport
5. session
6. presentation, and
7. application.

Morgan, Cynthia. 追求连线速度。视窗杂志， 1997年12月。
Morgan, Cynthia. Wired for Speed. Windows Magazine, December 1997.
(http://www.techweb.com/winmag/library/1997/1201/featu136.htm)

Batini, C., M. Lenzerin, and S. B. Navathe. 数据库纲领整合方法的比较性分析。 ACM Computing Surveys 18，第四号，1986年12月，第323-364页。

“纲领”指的是组织需要管理的所有资料。在分散式数据库系统和组织间系统中，可能会需要使用多个组织中的资料。本文提出整合个别数据库纲领之议题。并讨论纲领相异的各种原因，和解决这些问题的不同方法。

Batini, C., M. Lenzerin, and S. B. Navathe. A Comparative Analysis of Methodologies for Database Schema Integration. ACM Computing Surveys 18, No. 4, December 1986, pp. 323-364.

A "schema" is a representation of all the data to be managed by an organization. In the context of distributed database systems and inter-organizational systems, it may be necessary to use data that spans two or more organizations. This paper addresses the issue of integrating the individual database schemas. It discusses various causes of schema differences and various approaches to solving these problems.

Madnick, Stuart.资料琼斯与巴别塔：大规模异质性语意的挑战。Proceedings of the 1999 IEEE Meta-Data Conference， 1999年4月6-7日，第1-13页。

亦可见：http://computer.org/proceedings/meta/ 1999/papers/84/smadnick.html

介绍异质性语意的问题 ── 同一个字，有不同的意思。例如“售价”指的价格是否含税、是美金还是英镑等问题。

Madnick, Stuart. Metadata Jones and the Tower of Babel: The Challenge of Large-Scale Semantic Heterogeneity. Proceedings of the 1999 IEEE Meta-Data Conference, April 6-7, 1999, pp. 1-13.

Also at: http://computer.org/proceedings/meta/ 1999/papers/84/smadnick.html

Describes the problem of semantic heterogeneity - where the same "word" may have multiple interpretations. For example, does "price" include tax or not, is it in Dollars or Pounds, etc.

Berners-Lee, Tim, James Hendler, and Ora Lassila. 语意网页。 科学人，2001年5月。
Berners-Lee, Tim, James Hendler, and Ora Lassila. The Semantic Web. Scientific American, May 2001.

Bressan, S., C. Goh, N. Levina, S. Madnick, A. Shah, and M. Siegel. 内文交换系统中的文意表达与推论。Journal of Applied Intelligence13，2000年，【亦可见MIT史隆管理学院教授著作4133】，第165-180页。
Bressan, S., C. Goh, N. Levina, S. Madnick, A. Shah, and M. Siegel. Context Knowledge Representation and Reasoning in the Context Interchange System. Journal of Applied Intelligence 13, 2000, [also MIT Sloan School of Management Working Paper 4133], pp. 165-180.

Williamson, Oliver. 组织性失败结构。市场与阶级， 第二章。1975年，第20-40页。

提出有限理性、不确定性、复杂性、和机会主义等关键议题。

Williamson, Oliver. The Organizational Failures Framework. Chap. 2 in Markets and Hierarchies. 1975, pp. 20-40.

Presents key issues of bounded rationality, uncertainty, complexity, and opportunism.

Williamson, Oliver, and William Ouchi. 市场和阶级研究方案：起源、内涵、和未来。透视组织设计和行为， 第八章。A. H. Van de Ven and W. F. Joyce, eds. 纽约：1981年，第347-370页。 [重印于 权力、效率、和制度：“市场和阶级”典范的关键性评价。 J. Turk and P. Willman, eds. 伦敦，1983年，第13-34页，以及组织理论， Henry Tosi, ed. 纽约：1984年，第11页】

专注在交易成本经济学。讨论垂直整合和多角化的理由。“官僚”与“部落”产生的议题。并讨论资产特性。

Williamson, Oliver, and William Ouchi. The Markets and Hierarchies Program of Research: Origins, Implications, Prospects. Chap. 8 in Perspectives on Organizing Design and Behavior. A. H. Van de Ven and W. F. Joyce, eds. New York: 1981, pp. 347-370. [Reprinted in Power, Efficiency and Institutions: A Critical Appraisal of the "Markets and Hierarchies" Paradigm, J. Turk and P. Willman, eds. London: 1983, pp. 13-34, and in Theories of Organization, Henry Tosi, ed. New York: 1984, pp. 11.]

Focus on transaction cost economics. Discusses reasons for vertical integration and multi-divisions. Issues of "bureaucracy" vs. "clan" raised. Asset specificity discussed.

Kotter, John.领导变革：为什么会转型失败。波士顿，麻州：哈佛商业评论， 1995年3-4月，第59-67页。
Kotter, John. Leading Change: Why Transformation Efforts Fail. Boston, MA: Harvard Business Review, March-April 1995, pp. 59-67.

Osborn, Charley, Stuart Madnick, and Y. Richard Wang. 推动复合资讯系统的策略联盟：以地区大型医院为例。 Journal of Management Information Science6，第三号，1989-90年，冬，第99-117页。

本文探索复合式资讯系统下策略性目标的本质，即组织间系统，同时并提出由三佪技术增加成功机率：(1) 双向利益，(2) 合作付出，(3) 不对称控制。

Osborn, Charley, Stuart Madnick, and Y. Richard Wang. Motivating Strategic Alliances for Composite Information Systems: The Case of a Major Regional Hospital. Journal of Management Information Science 6, No. 3, Winter 1989-90, pp. 99-117.

This paper explores the nature of strategic goals underlying composite information systems, also referred to as inter-organizational systems, and ways to increase the likelihood of success through three techniques: (1) bi-directional benefits, (2) co-operative pay-out, and (3) asymmetric control.