期末考试
Final Exam
(英文PDF)、 (英文DOC)

A部分:选择题
Section A: Multiple Choice

回答正确得一分，错误扣半分。不回答不得分也不失分。（总分30分）
Each correct answer earns you one point. Half a point will be subtracted from your score for each incorrect answer. You will neither gain nor lose points if you give no answer to a question. (Maximum possible score: 30 points.)

1. 历史主义是：
   Historicism is
   
   
   1. 依照历史背景来判断人们行为的方法
      An approach that judges people's actions according to their historical context
   2. 纽伦堡典章的哲理
      The philosophy underlying the Nuremberg Code
   3. 与功利主义一样
      The same as utilitarianism
   4. 认为历史高于其它学科的信念
      The belief that history is superior to other academic disciplines
      
      
2. 功利主义是：
   Utilitarianism is
   
   
   1. Michael Walzer关于广岛论点的基础
      The basis of Michael Walzer's argument about Hiroshima
   2. 一种论点，建立在“最高效用是个人权力”的假设上
      An argument based on the assumption that the highest utility is the rights of the individual
   3. 一种论点，建立在“最高效用是最广泛民众的最高利益，个人幸福一点也不神圣”的假设上
      An argument based on the assumption that the highest utility is the greatest good of the greatest number and that there is nothing sacrosanct about the happiness of the individual.
   4. 与义务论／道义论相同
      The same as deontology
      
      
3. Neils Bohr对原子弹坚持信念。他采取了那些行动？
   Neils Bohr held firm beliefs about the atomic bomb. Which action did he take?
   
   
   1. 尝试联系罗斯福总统，表达他的观点
      Attempted to contact President Roosevelt to communicate his views
   2. 设法安排Heisenberg和Oppenheimer会面
      Tried to organize a meeting between Heisenberg and Oppenheimer
   3. 组织那些参加研制原子弹的科学家做反
      Organized a revolt involving scientists who were making the bomb
   4. 以上都是
      All of the above
   5. 以上都不是
      None of the above
      
      
4. 依照Joseph Rotblat的说法，为什么在二战德国战败后，那些参予曼哈顿工程的科学家们没有选择离开？
   According to Joseph Rotblat, why did scientists not choose to leave the Manhattan Project once Germany had been defeated in World War II?
   
   
   1. 对科学的好奇心
      Scientific curiosity
   2. 他们认为这不是他们的责任
      They didn't feel it was their responsibility
   3. 这可能影响他们的未来事业
      It might affect their future careers
   4. 以上都是
      All of the above
   5. 只有1和3是
      (1) and (3) only
      
      
5. 在Michael Walzer的文章中，jus ad bellum 是什么？
   In Michael Walzer's article, what does jus ad bellum refer to?
   
   
   1. 一个国家有道德权利向另一个国家投掷原子弹
      A country has a moral right to drop an atomic bomb on another country
   2. 一个国家有道德权利向另一个国家开战
      A country has a moral right to go to war against another country
   3. 一个国家有道德权利向另一个国家的军队和平民作战
      A country has a moral right to fight against both military personnel and civilians of another country
   4. 一个国家有道德权利追随和平的道路
      A country has a moral obligation to pursue the path of peace
      
      
6. 哪一位科学家亟亟欲试制造氢弹？
   Which scientist was eager to make the hydrogen bomb?
   
   
   1. Joseph Rotblat
   2. Leo Szilard
   3. Robert Oppenheimer
   4. Edward Teller
      
      
7. 根据Lifton 和Mitchell所言，在Smithsonian展览Enola Gay飞机的争议揭示了以下哪一点？（注：Enola Gay是在广岛投下原子弹的美国军机。）
   The Enola Gay controversy at the Smithsonian revealed which of the following, according to Lifton and Mitchell?
   
   
   1. 主流媒体在公平描述双方的论点做得很好
      Mainstream media did a good job of representing both sides of the issue fairly
   2. 代表二战老兵的组织对不应使用原子弹的说法感到吃惊
      Organizations representing veterans who fought in World War II were appalled by arguments that the atomic bomb should not have been used
   3. Smithsonian的馆长，被错误告知关于广岛和长崎原爆的资料，要人帮忙重新整理展览的文本
      The Smithsonian curators, misinformed about the bombing of Hiroshima and Nagasaki, needed help with their script for the exhibit
   4. 广岛和长崎的原爆是必需的，促使日本投降
      The bombing of Hiroshima and Nagasaki was necessary to bring about the surrender of Japan
      
      
8. 伯克莱大学自然科学学院与谁达成协议？
   The College of Natural Resources Department at Berkeley made a deal with
   
   
   1. Merck
   2. Pfizer
   3. Novartis
   4. Boots
      
      
9. 以下哪一位没有被控告参与人类受试者的不道德研究？
   Which of the following has NOT been accused of participating in unethical research on human subjects
   
   
   1. Stanley Milgram
   2. Laud Humphreys
   3. Paul Farmer
   4. Phillip Zimbardo
      
      
10. John Marks突出了下列哪个议题的重要性？
    John Marks highlighted the importance of the following issues
    
    
    1. 纽伦堡典章定义的知情同意权
       Informed consent as defined by the Nuremburg Code
    2. 中央情报局研究人员以战争和共产主义的威胁作为任何行动的借口
       The use of war and communism as threats that justified any actions by CIA researchers
    3. 在保护研究人员免受朋辈审查时，机密所起的作用
       The role of secrecy in protecting researchers from peer scrutiny
    4. 以上都是
       All of the above
       
       
11. 基于John Marks的著作，以下那项试验不是由中央情报局进行？
    Based on John Marks' book, which of the following experiments did the CIA not conduct?
    
    
    1. 对战俘和妓女使用LSD
       Use of LSD on prisoners and prostitutes
    2. 催眠
       Hypnosis
    3. 使用大麻从“告密者” 套取信息
       Use of marijuana to get information from "informers"
    4. 使用压力仓模拟飞行员对高空飞行的反应
       Use of pressure chambers to model pilot responsiveness to high altitude flying conditions
       
       
12. 以下那一个组合是不对的？
    Which of the following pairs is the odd one out?
    
    
    1. John Dower和物理学
       John Dower and physics
    2. Paul Farmer和人类学
       Paul Farmer and anthropology
    3. Paul Farmer和医学
       Paul Farmer and medicine
    4. Ray Siever和海洋学
       Ray Siever and oceanography
       
       
13. Marcia Angell的《新英格兰医学学报》文章提倡在发展中国家进行以下哪一项？
    In her New England Journal of Medicine article, Marcia Angell advocates which of the following in developing countries?
    
    
    1. 安慰剂受控试验
       Placebo controlled trials
    2. 基于功利计算的治疗
       Treatment based on utilitarian calculations
    3. 期望与发达国家一致的治疗
       Treatment in accordance with what one would expect in a developed country
    4. 全民健康保险
       Universal health insurance
       
       
14. 谁是在「挑战者号」O环问题上敲警钟的工程师？
    Who was the engineer who blew the whistle on the Challenger space shuttle's O-ring problem?
    
    
    1. Hal Gehman
    2. Roger Boisjoly
    3. Ron Dittemore
    4. Linda Ham
       
       
15. 以下哪一项是“预防原则” 的例证？
    The "Precautionary Principle" exemplifies which of the following?
    
    
    1. 限制结果还存在争论的活动
       The restriction of activities the consequences of which are contested
    2. 允许结果还存在争论的活动
       The permitting of activities the consequences of which are contested
    3. 限制已有清晰结果的活动
       The restriction of activities the consequences of which are clearly established
    4. 允许已有清晰结果的活动
       The permitting of activities the consequences of which are clearly established
       
       
16. Rachel Carson的结论对美国环境政策产生了以下哪一项影响？
    Rachel Carson's conclusions had which of the following effects on environmental policy in the United States?
    
    
    1. 导致禁用一切对人类和环境有害的杀虫剂
       Led to a ban on all pesticides as harmful to humans and the environment
    2. 导致禁用DDT，因为它有很高的毒性
       Led to the ban of DDT because of its highly toxic nature
    3. 鼓励在室内使用DDT，但不鼓励在户外使用
       Encouraged the use of DDT indoors, but discouraged it for outdoor use
    4. 鼓励在发展中国家使用DDT，但不鼓励在美国使用
       Encouraged the use of DDT in developing countries, but discouraged its use in the United States
       
       
17. 异种器官移植是：
    Xenotransplantation refers to
    
    
    1. 使用胚胎干细胞培育移植用的人类器官
       The use of embryonic stem cells to make human organs for transplantation
    2. 从活人捐赠者移植人类器官
       Transplanting human organs from living donors
    3. 从脑死亡捐赠者移植人类器官
       Transplanting human organs from brain-dead donors
    4. 从动物移植器官给人类
       Transplanting organs from animals to humans
       
       
18. Richard Sclove
    
    
    1. 认为科学评审能够在欧洲行得通，而在美国则不行，这是由于其不同的文化
       Says science juries work in Europe but would not work in the U.S. because of its different culture
    2. 对非专家就科学决策发挥作用有怀疑
       Is skeptical that non-experts should play any role in decision-making about science
    3. 认为科学评审在欧洲能发挥得很好，应在美国多尝试
       Says science juries have worked well in Europe and should be tried more in the U.S.
    4. 认为因为等级文化，科学评审在欧洲失败；但因为美国有较民主的文化，会发挥得更好
       Says science juries have failed in Europe because of its hierarchical culture, but would work better in the U.S. because of its more democratic culture.
       
       
19. Janet Raloff的「科学商店」是：
    Janet Raloff's Science Shops are
    
    
    1. 就像「关注公益科学家联盟」那样，不能与非政府机构有区别
       Indistinguishable from NGOs such as the Union of Concerned Scientists
    2. 科学家们购买科学仪器的商店
       Stores where scientists buy their scientific equipment
    3. 为支援在发展中国家做研究寻求企业融资的方法
       A way of finding corporate funding to support research in developing countries
    4. 代表有需求的当地社群推动科学研究的安排
       Arrangements to facilitate scientific research on behalf of local communities in need
       
       
20. Jeremy Rifkin对以下那一项没有提出争议？
    Which of the following does Jeremy Rifkin NOT argue?
    
    
    1. 生物科技革命将带来新的基因污染
       The biotech revolution will bring with it new kinds of genetic pollution
    2. 我们应该反对基因材料尝试取得专利
       We should oppose attempts to patent genetic material
    3. 生物科技革命将终结疾病，增加农作物产量，从而使不平等成为历史
       The biotech revolution will, by ending disease and increasing crop yields, make inequality a problem of the past.
    4. 生物科技革命将会消除大自然和文化之间的界限
       The biotech revolution will dissolve the boundary between nature and culture.
       
       
21. Paul Farmer的主要资助者是
    Paul Farmer's major financier was
    
    
    1. Ophelia Dahl
    2. Jim Kim
    3. Tom White
    4. Zanmi Lasante
       
       
22. Paul Farmer不相信以下那一项?
    Which of the following does Paul Farmer NOT believe?
    
    
    1. 把稀缺资源集中于对多种药物抗抗的肺结核是浪费
       Focusing scarce resources on multi-drug resistant TB is a waste
    2. 要解决穷人的健康问题，需要政治和医学干预
       The health problems of the poor require political as well as medical intervention if they are to be cured
    3. 白人自由主义者表示关心穷人，但少有为后者采取行动；他们是解决方法，也同样是问题的一部分
       White liberals ("WLs") profess concern for the poor but rarely take action on their behalf, and so are as much a part of the problem as the solution
    4. 对HIV呈阳性反应的海地人虽然贫穷和没有受教育，依然能够遵照复杂的治疗程序
       Despite their poverty and lack of education, HIV+ Haitians can follow complicated treatment regimens
       
       
23. 遗传决定论（基因决定论），意义是：
    Genetic Determinism means
    
    
    1. 人类基因组工程最终还是有缺陷
       The human genome project is ultimately flawed
    2. 基因会说明所有要知道关于一个人的信息
       Genes tell you all you need to know about a person
    3. 自然／培育的争论依然没有解决
       The nature/nurture debate has not been resolved
    4. 取得基因的专利权是生物研究必要的部分
       Patenting genes is a necessary part of biological research
       
       
24. 对客席讲师James Shirley来说，当考虑干细胞研究的伦理问题时，胚胎的道德状况如何？
    For (guest lecturer) James Shirley, what is the moral status of the embryo when considering the ethics of stem cell research?
    
    
    1. 就像考虑堕胎一样
       The same as when considering abortion
    2. 在一些情况下，胚胎干细胞研究是可以接受的
       Embryonic stem cell research is acceptable under some circumstances
    3. 胚胎是人和有生命，应受法律保护
       Embryos merit protection since they are both human and alive
    4. 因为胚胎干细胞研究是发展医药治疗的至关重要的研究领域，因此没有关系
       It doesn't matter because embryonic stem cell research is a vital area of research for developing medical treatments
       
       
25. Leon Kass
    
    
    1. 同意Richard Lewontin的观点，认为反对克隆的宗教论点是虚假的
       Agrees with Richard Lewontin that religious arguments against cloning are spurious
    2. 希望暂时禁止为生育而植入克隆胚胎
       Wants a temporary moratorium on implanting cloned embryos to make a child
    3. 希望暂时禁止克隆人类胚胎
       Wants a temporary moratorium on the cloning of human embryos
    4. 允许研究克隆胚胎，但支持完全禁止为生育而植入克隆人类胚胎
       Favors a complete ban on implanting cloned human embryos to make a child while allowing research on cloned embryos
       
       
26. 从以下的选择中，Michael Pollan最关注Monsanto的新叶马铃薯是那一项？
    From qmong the following choices, what was the most important concern surrounding Monsanto's new leaf potatoes for Michael Pollan?
    
    
    1. 它们需要大量杀虫剂喷洒
       They required large amounts of pesticide spray
    2. 它们在商场出售的时候没有贴上转基因标签
       They are not labeled as GM when sold in supermarkets
    3. 它们代表着由企业控制的单一培育作物群体
       They represented a society of monocultures controlled by corporations
    4. Pollan在日常聚会不能用这来做沙拉
       Pollan could not use them to make a salad for his potluck party
       
       
27. Theodora Capaldo博士在客席演讲中
    In her guest lecture Dr. Theodora Capaldo
    
    
    1. 关注以黑猩猩等高级哺乳动物作实验，而不关注老鼠
       Was concerned about experimentation on higher mammals such as chimpanzees, but was not concerned about rats
    2. 支持「人道对待动物委员会」活跃份子冲入实验室拯救被困动物
       Supported PETA activists who break into labs to liberate animals being kept there
    3. 强调在药物测试实验中，动物往往是人类的低劣代替品
       Argued that animals are often poor human analogues in drug testing experiments
    4. 强调在药物测试实验中，动物无可置疑是人类的良好代替品，但以动物试验仍然是不道德
       Argued that animals are invariably good human analogues in drug testing experiments, but that it is still immoral to experiment on them
       
       
28. 以下那一项不是真的？
    Which of the following is NOT true?
    
    
    1. 在抗议iLAb实验室的前夕，军事研究占麻省理工学院的预算50%以上
       On the eve of the protests against the I-Lab, military research accounted for more than 50% of MIT's budget
    2. 麻省理工学院的教员Norbert Weiner在二战中研究武器，却在战后拒绝担任军军工作
       Norbert Weiner, an MIT faculty member, worked on weapons in World War II but then refused to do military work after the war
    3. 麻省理工学院在20世纪60年代抗议，成功地把仪器实验室迁出校园，但未能把它转为非军事研究
       The MIT protests of the 1960s succeeded in getting the Instrumentation Lab moved off campus, but not in converting it to non-military research
    4. 在麦卡锡主义时代，Phillip Morrison被康奈尔大学开除
       Phillip Morrison was fired by Cornell during the McCarthyist years
       
       
29. 以下那一项不是真的？
    Which of the following statements is untrue?
    
    
    1. 一如美国那样，改良的转基因食品必须贴上标签
       Genetically modified food must be labeled as such in the U.S.
    2. Monsanto的转基因马铃薯被官方登记为杀虫剂
       Monsanto's GM potatoes are officially registered as pesticides
    3. 转基因玉米的基因已从美国传到墨西哥的遥远地方
       GM corn genes have already drifted from the U.S. to remote parts of Mexico
    4. Monsanto故意把农作物加工为不育
       Monsanto deliberately engineered crops to be sterile
       
       
30. 以下那一个系统容易有正常事故？
    Which of the following systems could be prone to a normal accident?
    
    
    1. 核反应堆
       Nuclear reactor
    2. 空中交通管制
       Air traffic control
    3. 捷运公交系统
       Metro bus system
    4. 以上都是
       All of the above
    5. (1)和 (2)
       (1) and (2)
    6. (1)和 (3)
       (1) and (3)

B部分: 短论文
Section B: Short Essays

从下面选四个，每个写一段。每个答案5分 (最多20分)。
Pick 4 of the following. Write one paragraph on each of your choices. Each answer is worth 5 points (for a maximum of 20 points).

Michael Walzer的滑动比例
Michael Walzer's sliding scale
Amy Smith
基因术
Algeny
Nurse Rivers
Philip Morrison
外行充内行
ACT UP
战车计划
Project Chariot
DDT

C部分:长论文
Section C: Long Essay

选择下面的一个主题，写一篇论文，尽量多用课程教材。(最多30分。)
Pick ONE of the following and write an essay on it, bringing in as much of the course material as possible. (Maximum score 30 points.)

1. 科学在什么程度上会由市场规范？
   To what extent can science be left to the market to regulate?

2. Jeremy Rifkin问道：是否有某些科技，其内在力量是如此强大和超越一切，一旦释放会导致失多于得，弊大于利？如果有这样的科技，如何能够限制？
   Jeremy Rifkin asks: "Are there technologies whose inherent power is so immense and overshadowing that the unleashing of that power will result in greater diminution than enhancement and more harm than good?" Based on your reading for this class, how would you answer this question? And if there are such technologies, how can they be restrained?
   
   Rikfin, Jeremy 《第二个创世纪》李文昭译，晨星出版，1999年正体译本The Biotech Century: Harnessing the Gene and Remaking the World》New York: Penguin, 1999, pp. 231. ISBN: 0874779537.
   Rikfin, Jeremy. The Biotech Century: Harnessing the Gene and Remaking the World. New York: Penguin, 1999, pp. 231. ISBN: 0874779537.