期中测验
Midterm Examination

以论文形式回答以下两题。每份答案应该是大约五页，隔行。引述资料来源。
Answer in essay form two of the following questions. Each answer should be approximately five pages doubled-spaced. Cite your sources.

1. 有过去十年间，美国医疗护理制度的以市场为主的变革，和克林顿的医疗保障计划是差不多 同样的戏剧化。最近的变革，和克林顿计划的倡议，有那些异同之处？
   The market-focused changes in the American health care system that have occurred in the last decade are nearly as dramatic as would have been required under the Clinton Health Security Plan. What are the similarities and differences between the recent changes and those called for in the Clinton plan?
2. 有那些美国人没有保障？为什么他们没有保障？你会如何描述他们取得医疗服务的途径？
   Who are the uninsured in America? Why are they not covered? And how would you describe the access to health services they have?
3. 为什么健康情况不是比较医疗护理制度的良好标准？考虑到我们为美国医疗护理制度所作的 一切，有那些更好的比较标准？
   Why is health status not a very good measure with which to compare health care systems? Considering the work we have done on the US health care system what might be better measures for such comparisons?
4. 解释为什么大多数美国人现在面对的，是一个以就业为基础，私人融资的医疗保险制度。 政府有那些决策造就了现在的主导结构？现在是否有一些持续的政策令这会根深蒂固？
   Explain how we ended up with an employment-based, privately financed health insurance system for most of American population. What were the governmental decisions that made that structure the one that dominates? Are there some on going policies that encourage its perpetuation?

期末测验
Final Examination

回答以下五条问答题的三题。留意考试的可用时间，和尽可能引用数据来源。
Write on three of the following five questions. Remember to conserve the time available to you and to give citations where possible.

1. 选出任何两个课程有描述和讨论的美国以外的医疗制度，作出比较；认定和解释两者的制度目标，结构和效果有何重大分歧之处。
   Contrast any pair of the non-US health systems that were described and discussed in the course to identify and explain important differences in their system goals, structures and effects.
2. 了解到这课程检视其它国家的医疗制度变革的环境因素，我们会期待美国医疗护理制度有那些重大改变？
   Given the circumstances surrounding the adoption of major health system changes in the other countries examined in the course, when should we expect major change in the US health care system?
3. 有些国家的公营体系控制的国家医疗开支比美国为多，但在“科学化”计划分配医疗护理资源，取得新医疗方法，投资于研究，或控制医疗护理风险等方面，相对于美国政府不会做得更多，甚或更少。这是否令人感到诧异或奇怪？分配资源，究竟可以如何“科学化”？应如何判断分配方案的高下？
   Is it surprising or strange that the governments in nations where the public sector controls a higher percentage of national health expenditures than it does in the United States do no more, perhaps even less, than the US government does in "scientifically" planning the allocation of health care resources, access to new medical treatments, research investments or the control of health care risks? How scientific can you be about these allocations? How would someone judge one allocation better than another?
4. 诉讼如何改变了美国的医疗政策？透过诉讼，而不是依靠立法，来形成政策有什么成本和效益？为什么在我们研读的其它国家中，诉讼的政策作用不是这样重要？
   How has litigation shaped health policy in the United States? What are the costs and benefits of policy formation through litigation rather than legislation? Why is litigation's role in policy less of an issue in the other countries we studied?
5. 评论克林顿的医疗计划。集中讨论计划，而不是推销计划的政治。如果计划得到接纳，是否行得通？如克林顿成功争取计划通过，你以为下一批问题会是什么？计划有那些最好和最劣的地方？如果可以，作答时引用你研习过的其它国家的教训。
   Critique the Clinton Health Plan. Focus on the plan, not the politics of selling it. Would it have worked if adopted? Where would you expect the next set of problems to arise if Clinton were successful in gaining its passage? What were its best and worst features? Use what you learned about other countries if you can in your answer.