麻省理工学院“开放式课程网页” | 历史学 | 21H.346 2000春季课程：法国大革命与拿破仑统治的法国

本课程有论文和口头报告作业，通过这些学生就有关法国大革命和继拿破仑统治以后的问题论说自己的见解。同时还包括期中和期末考试的论文题目。

This course features essay and oral presentation assignments through which students demonstrate an understanding of issues relating to the French Revolution and the subsequent reign of Napoléon. Mid-term and final essay topics are also included.

法国人把1789年的革命看作国家历史的一个转折点；记者，政客，学者以及其他法国以外的人士把这个时刻称作现代政治文化的诞生。在这个课题中我们首先对大革命前法国的政治、文化、社会做一个简短的概述，着重讲述旧政制结束新政制开始的原因。接下来，我们将研究十八世纪动荡的90年代，在此期间法国尝试了君主立宪制、共和制、委员会裁决制，最终以拿破仑·波拿巴及其支持者发动的一次军事政变收场。1804年，拿破仑为自己加冕，由此开始了法兰西第一帝国，它对外发动残酷的军事行动，对内巩固法制行政改革。最后，我们将考虑大革命和拿破仑一世在欧洲及其他地方的影响。同时我们将讨论这些事件在以后的两个世纪里的持续影响。本课程对所有有兴趣的本科生和研究生开放，没有必备先修条件。

The French esteem the Revolution of 1789 to be the turning point in their national history; journalists, politicians, scholars, and others outside France have called this moment the birth of modern political culture. In this subject we will begin with a brief survey of French politics, culture and society in the century prior to the Revolution, emphasizing the reasons for the end of the Old Regime and the origins of the Revolution. Next, we will examine the turbulent decade of the 1790s, when the French experimented with a constitutional monarchy, a republic, a dictatorship by committee, and a parliamentary form of government, only to end in a military coup d'état staged by Napoléon Bonaparte and his supporters. In 1804, Napoléon crowned himself emperor thus initiating the First Empire, which was characterized by relentless military campaigning abroad and the consolidation of certain legal and administrative reforms at home. Finally, we will consider the impact of the Revolution and its Napoleonic sequel in Europe and elsewhere, and we will discuss the ongoing influence of these events in the following two centuries. This subject is open to all interested undergraduates and graduate students; there are no prerequisites.