探讨媒体、文学与其它历史文献中，有关十九世纪中国移民潮的正反论述，这些正反论述是如何架构的(在经济、文化、宗教、道德、健康、性别、法律等层面)? 注意有些人本身不见得是拥华(pro-Chinese)的，而是反排华(anti-anti-Chinese)的煽动者。

Discuss arguments for and against Chinese immigration in the nineteenth century, as expressed in the media, literature, and other historical documents of the time. How were arguments for and against the Chinese framed (in economic, cultural, religious, moral, health, sexual, legal, etc. terms)? Remember that some people were not necessarily pro-Chinese, per se, but anti-anti-Chinese agitators.

引用至少一份第四周所阅读的历史文件，及第三周所读的一部文学作品(或政治卡通或电影)，分析小说(或卡通/影片)中所使用的意象是如何与历史资料中的论述连结？

Use at least one source from the historical documents we read for Week 4, and one source from the literature we read for Week 3 (or use a political cartoon, or film). Think about how the imagery used in fiction (or cartoons/film) relates to the discourse used in the other historical sources.

再从图书馆或网络搜寻一份关于十九世纪亚裔美国人的资料，可以是卡通影片、相片、文件或是统计资料等，它可能与中国问题(the “Chinese Question”)有直接或间接的关系，(例如你可能找到一份主张日本人是较优越的移民这样的资料)，你要利用搜寻所得的资料，去佐证你选用的课堂阅读资料。

Find one additional source through the libraries or WWW concerning Asian Americans in the 19c. This could be a cartoon, photograph, a written document, or statistical information, etc. The source may relate directly, or indirectly to the "Chinese question" (you might find a document arguing that Japanese are superior immigrants for example). Use this source to supplement the other sources you have chosen from the class readings.

报告中请使用以下三种类型的资料来源:
一、第四周阅读作业中的历史文件。
二、第三周阅读作业中的小说、卡通或影片(例如<<傅满州的面具>>等等)。
三、运用从图书馆讲座所学得的搜寻方法而找到的资料。

You will use 3 kinds of sources in your paper:
A- historical documents in Week 4 readings
B- fiction from Week 3, or cartoon, or film (Fu Manchu, etc.)
C- your own source your find using the methods learned at the library workshop

此外，用一页描述你引用的资料（三），说明你怎么找到这份资料？你如何评估资料的可信度？资料为何？以及这份资料对于我们正在探讨的历史问题有什么启发？将这一页的叙述当作报告的附件。

In addition, write one page describing your source (C). How did you find it? How did you evaluate the reliability? What is the source? How does it shed light on the historical question we are exploring? Attach as an addendum to your paper.

此项报告总共六页。
6 pages total

影片清单:
<<傅满州的面具>>
<<陈查理在歌剧院>>
<<鬼魅幽魂>>
<<阎将军的苦茶>>（卡普拉 [Frank R. Capra]执导，1933）

Film List:
The Mask of Fu Manchu
Charlie Chan at the Opera
Shadows
The Bitter Tea of General Yen

这些影片存放在影片室14N-430。卡通将会在周末以前存放于保留阅览室。
Films are on reserve in 14N-430, film office.

Cartoons will be placed on reserve in the Reserve Reading Room at the end of the week.

第二份书面报告: 亚美文学中的历史与记忆(总共7页, 第一部份为5页, 第二部份为2页)
Paper #2 History and Memory in Asian American Literature (7 pages [5 pages + 2 pages])

第一部份：共5页
Part 1 – 5 Pages

从阅读作业中，选定一部亚美文学作品(最多可以比较两位作家)，写一份5页的报告，讨论作者如何运用历史与记忆来建构亚裔美国人的身分认同。阅读作业中的作品大多是某种形式的回忆录(例如：Bulosan, 汤亭亭, Houston) 或是约略以个人回忆录为基础 (例如：赵健秀) 所撰写而成，思考作者为何选择回忆作为写作的主题？个人记忆如何与亚裔美国人的历史连结？历史记忆又如何形塑个人认同？探讨作者如何试图为在美国的亚洲人与亚裔美国人找到定位？做为美国人代表何种意义？做为亚洲人又是何种意义？请将文学作品与其历史脉络相互对应 (就你目前所知的范围即可，不需另行搜寻资料。可以参考陈素贞书中相关之背景资料。)

Choose 1 work of Asian American literature from the class list (you may compare 2 writers max). Write a 5 page paper discussing how the author uses history and memory to construct an Asian American identity. Most of the works on the list are memoirs of some sort (Bulosan, Kingston, Houston), or loosely based on personal memoirs (Chin). Think about why the author chooses to write about memory. How does personal memory relate to Asian American history? How does historical memory shape personal identity? Discuss how the author tries to find a place for Asians/Asian Americans in America. What does it mean to be American? What does it mean to be Asian? Place the work of literature within the historical context of its time (to the best of your knowledge so far. No need for outside research. You can consult the Sucheng Chan book for background).

以下是一些需要思考的问题:
◎ 作者如何处理亚裔美国人不同世代间之关系？
◎ 作者有区分“亚裔亚洲人”与“亚裔美国人”吗？
◎ 在你所选定的作品中，性别(gender)算是项议题吗？ 阶级(class)也是吗？
◎ 作者是否将自己视为亚裔美国人之代表？或只是一个异质的个体？
◎ 作者如何处理族裔间的关系？

Some questions to think about:
How does the author deal with relations between the generations?
Does the author make a distinction between "Asian Asians" and "Asian Americans"?
Is gender an issue? Class?
Does the author present him/herself as representative of Asian Americans? Or as an idiosyncratic individual?
How does the author deal with interethnic relations?

请注意，这不是一份读书心得，
而是一份具批判性的报告。你可以假定我读过这些作品了，所以请勿出现冗长的情节摘要。书中的引言只能用来佐证你的论点，情节摘要与引言过多会被扣分。请务必精确、清晰、有力地论述你的重点。
请参考‘写作报告之诀窍’这份讲义。

THIS IS NOT A BOOK REPORT
This should be a critical paper. I don not want long plot summaries. You can assume I have read the books. Use quotations from the book only as EVIDENCE. I will deduct points for plot summary and excessive quotation. Be concise. Make your points succinctly and forcefully.
See the "Tips for writing papers" handout.

第二部分: 2页
Part 2- 2 pages

在书面报告中附上2页的说明，陈述你个人对于亚美文学的回应或态度，你可以比较几部作品，并说明你为何较喜爱其中一部？或可只针对你在前五页报告中所选定的作品加以讨论。和前5页的报告相比，这部分是较随性的，可以畅所欲言。

Write a 2 page addendum to your paper in which you talk about your personal reactions to the literature. You can write about several works here, comparing why you liked one piece more than the others, or stick to the one work you chose for your paper. Feel free to express yourself here. This section can be less formal than the 5 page paper.

总页数：7页
Total = 7 pages

请使用12号字体，两倍行高。请留边界并标示页码，注脚的格式请参考MLA学术论文格式。
12-point font, double spaced, use margins and page numbers!
Follow MLA guide for footnote format.

第三份书面报告: 亚裔美国人泛族裔性之争论 (总页数为7页: 第一部份5页; 第二部分2页)
Paper #3: The Debate over Asian American Panethnicity (7 pages [5 pages + 2 pages])

(见以下的说明)
(see the passages below)

Yen Lee Espiritu (亚裔美国人之泛族裔性)和刘柏川(偶然生为亚裔人)展现了对亚美身份认同议题的不同视角。当Espiritu拥护亚裔美国人的泛族裔性时（她接受此概念之可行性及有效性），刘却对此一概念抱持怀疑的态度。然而，就某些方面而言，他们两者所谓的亚裔美国人并非迥然不同。两人皆强调亚裔美国人社群的多样性，也都承认亚裔美国人是共享政治利益的。但两人论点主要之分歧在于:Espiritu强调机构体制的运作，而刘则聚焦在文化意涵。两人的另一项歧异在于Espiritu将“亚裔美国人”视做泛族裔的同义词；而刘则将“亚裔美国人”一词看待为种族概念。Espiritu强调亚美身分认同之“偶然性”。由于两人对“亚裔美国人”一词解读不同，因此对于“亚美之身分认同”的形成给了不同结论。

Yen Lee Espiritu (Asian American Panethnicity) and Eric Liu (The Accidental Asian) present different perspectives on the issue of "Asian American Identity." You might say that Espiritu is a "believer" in Asian American panethnicity (that is, she accepts that viability and usefulness of this concept), while Eric Liu is a "skeptic." Yet, in some ways, what they have to say about Asian Americans is not so different: both emphasize the diversity of the Asian American community, and both acknowledge that Asian Americans have shared political interests. A central difference between the two arises from the fact that Espiritu focuses on institutions, while Liu focuses on culture. Another difference arises from the fact that Espiritu equates the term "Asian American" with the panethnicity concept, while Liu equates the term with the concept of race. Espiritu emphasizes the "accidental" nature of this identity. Therefore, because they take the term "Asian American" to mean different things, they arrive at different conclusions regarding the viability of "Asian American Identity."

你赞成哪一方的论点？你支持Espiritu还是刘？在面临多样、多元的情况时，亚美身分认同可行吗？这样泛族裔的概念有无任何优缺点？

Which side of the debate do you support? Do you agree with Liu or Espiritu? Is Asian American identity feasible in the face of diversity or not? Are there any drawbacks to this panethnic concept? Any benefits?

A. 写一份五页的报告 (提出你的论点，我要看到如“我认为”、“我主张”等字眼。)

A. Write a 5 page paper (Argue! I want to see the words "I argue that...")

第一步：简要阐述两位作者的论点。
第二步：利用历史或统计资料佐证你的立论。

Step 1 – lay out a brief exposition of their arguments
Step 2 – use historical and statistical evidence to support your own stance.

第一步:
使用我提供的节录文章。

For Step 1:
Use the excerpts I have given you.

亦可参酌这两位作者的其它著作资料，但必须详尽分析引用的段落，否则会被扣分。

You may draw on other material from their books, but you must analyzethese passages thoroughly. Otherwise, I take off points.

在开始分析Espiritu和刘之前，要先解释族裔根本主义理论(the primordialist theory of ethnicity)与族裔工具主义理论(the instrumentalist theory)(注2)两者的差异 (用两句话说明即可！)。

You will need to explain the difference between the primordialist theory of ethnicity and the instrumentalist theory (two sentences only!) before you get to Espiritu and Liu.

很明显的，Espiritu是位族裔工具主义论者，她视亚裔美国人的身分认同为体制建构的产物。

Espiritu is clearly instrumentalist: she sees "Asian American Identity" as a product of institution building.

那么，刘是族裔根本主义论者吗？

Is Liu a primordialist?

就族裔身分认同这项议题，你支持哪一方的论点呢？是族裔根本主义论还是族裔工具主义论？

Which side of the debate do you support?

请你探讨“族裔”(ethinicity) 与“种族”(race) 的不同。并且说明这两个概念又是如何纠结在一起的？

Address the difference between "ethnicity" and "race" and show how these concepts are tangled together.

概略说来，亚裔美国人是“族裔”的概念。
亚洲人、黄种人、棕色人种则是“种族”的概念。

Generally - "Asian American" = ethnicity
"Asian" "Yellow" "Brown" = race

对Espiritu、对刘以及对你而言，“亚裔美国人”或“亚洲人”各代表什么？

What does "Asian American" or "Asian" mean to Eric Liu? Espiritu? To you?

这个问题引领我们到第二步骤:
利用课堂上的资料，举例说明亚美社群在历史上的的团结与分裂。
请陈述“亚洲人/东方人”，这两个词汇如何被混为一谈？又如何被区分为不同的观念？
请利用人口普查资料，解释其相同之处和多样性。
探讨“团结/混为一谈”，有何优缺点？请将外在与内在因素考量在内。
亚裔美国人究竟应该被同化，或是维持一个独特的身分认同？亚裔美国人真能够被同化吗？

This leads to step 2:
Use evidence from the class to show cases of unity and disunity in the Asian American Community[ies] historically.
Show how "Asians/Orientals" have been lumped together, and show how they have been distinguished from one another.
Use census statistics to show common points and diversity.
Discuss benefits and drawbacks of "unity/lumping".
Weigh external and internal factors.
Should Asian Americans "assimilate" or maintain a distinct identity? Can they ever assimilate?

请思考以下的问题：
Some things to think about:

刘柏川(Eric Liu)所谓“偶然的亚裔人”涵义为何？
他对“同化”有何看法？

What does Eric Liu mean by the term "accidental Asian"?
How does he feel about "assimilation"?

刘经常将“亚洲人”定义为“白人”的相反词，那么Espiritu 又是以哪一族群作为其论述指涉点(注3)？

Liu often defines "Asian" in opposition to "White". Which group[s] does Espiritu use has her reference point?

他们两位如何处理族裔性(有时被称做亚裔美国人的次族裔性)与泛族裔性的问题？你的族裔身分认同是与生俱来的吗？亦或是后天学习而来的呢？

How do they deal with the question of ethnicity (sometimes called "Asian American subethnicity") v. panethnicity? Are you born with your ethnic identity? Or do you learn it?

他们如何看待“文化企业家”所扮演的角色 ?

How do they treat the question of "cultural entrepreneurs"?

刘主张无法从“亚裔美国人”中听见一致的声音，而Espiritu虽然也承认亚裔美国人没有一致的声音 (例如：亚裔美国人几乎可以被二分成共和党和民主党人)，但她不认为这是个问题，你认为呢？

Liu protests that you cannot hear a unitary voice from "Asian Americans." Espiritu acknowledges that there is no unitary voice (for example, Asian Americans are nearly equally divided between Republican and Democrat), but does not see that as a problem. What do you think?

这份五页的报告可以涵盖非常多的东西，请精简的表达想法，并修订这份报告。

THIS IS A LOT TO DO IN 5 PAGES !!!! BE CONCISE, YOU WILL NEED TO REVISE.

(小提示：)这份报告对期末考有很大的帮助。
THIS IS EXCELLENT PRACTICE FOR THE FINAL EXAM (hint).

B部分- 2页
B – 2 pages

个人的意见表述，请写出自己的想法和经验。并无特别的格式规定。

Personal statement. Your own thoughts and experiences. Free form.

节录文章:
Excerpts

Yen Lee Espiritu，亚裔美人之泛族裔性(<>)， 第164页。
Yen Lee Espiritu, Asian American Panethnicity, p. 164.

建构与维持亚洲人的泛族裔性(“Constructing and Sustaining Asian Panethnicity”)：
Constructing and Sustaining Asian Panethnicity

“族裔根本主义论者与族裔工具论者对于族裔文学的争论，主要在于双方如何解释族裔团体的发展与延续，是内在的文化性因素或外在的结构性因素较为重要。目前的研究指出，至少就其起源来说，泛亚族裔性并非由文化上血缘关系(cultural bonds) 形成的，而是一种物质性、政治性、和社会过程的产物，意即亚裔美国人聚集在一起，是因为认同泛亚联盟在保护与促进他们自身利益时，扮演重要、甚至不可或缺的角色。即便如此，这并不表示泛亚族裔性这个概念不具有文化意涵和情感，相反的，当泛族裔团体在某些状况下顺势而生时，虽不见得就能从此延续（见Cornell 1988b），但一旦成立，这些泛族裔团体会透过制度、领导者和人脉来衍生与转变泛族裔的文化与意识。在这个过程中，泛族裔概念有了自主性、能够自行滋长，经过一段时间，泛族裔概念甚至可能超脱当初创造它的情势和利益，转而创造能让其自身延续和重生的形势。”

"The primordialist-instrumentalist debate in the ethnicity literature is primarily a debate over the relative importance of internal, cultural factors as opposed to external, structural factors in explaining the development and maintenance of ethnic groups. The present study indicates that, at least in its origin, pan-Asian ethnicity was the product of material, political, and social processes rather than cultural bonds. Asian Americans came together because they recognized that pan-Asian alliance was important, even essential, for the protection and advancement of their interests. But this is not to say that pan-Asian ethnicity is devoid of culture and sentiment. On the contrary, while panethnic groups may be circumstantially created, they are not circumstantially sustained (see Cornell 1988b). Once established, the panethnic group – through its institutions, leaders, and networks - produces and transforms panethnic culture and consciousness. In the process, the panethnic idea becomes autonomous, capable of replenishing itself. Over time, it may even outlive the circumstances and interests that produced it, creating conditions that sustain and revivify it."

刘柏川(Eric Liu)，偶然生为亚裔人， (<>)，第73-74页：
Eric Liu, The Accidental Asian, pp. 73-74.

“与其说亚裔美国人是一个种族，不如说它是一个联盟 - 有如一个覆盖着各种利益的黄棕色帐棚。这些利害关系虽然对部分议题看法一致(例如：反歧视、开放移民)，却又在其它许多方面意见分歧。毕竟这个拥有一千万人口的“社群”涵盖了几十个族裔，而这些族裔的根源又横跨美国和全球，其家庭在美国定居的时间有少过一个星期的也有超过一世纪的，其政治信念囊括了所有的意识形态，组成分子包括接受社会福利援助的母亲、大富豪、军人、医生、教徒、无宗教信仰者，在如此纷乱吵杂声中，只能以选择性失聪的方式才能听到一致的声音。”

"Asian Americans belong not to a race so much as to a confederation, a big yellow-and-brown tent that covers a panoply of interests. And while those interests converge usefully on some points – antidescrimination, open immigration – they diverge on many others. This is a "community," after all, that consists of ten million people of a few dozen ethnicities, who have roots all across America and around the globe, whose families have been here anywhere from less than a week to more than a century, whose political beliefs run the ideological gamut, who are welfare mothers and multimillionaires, soldiers and doctors, believers and pagans. It would take an act of selective deafness to hear, in this cacophony, a unitary voice."

注1: 原文The “Chinese Question”中的Question具有双关意义。 因为question可以译为 问题 及 追寻，又此门课之主题为探讨亚裔美国人之身分认同，因此此标题可被解读为中国移民及其后代(即亚裔美国人)在美国追寻(question)身分认同的过程，而移民也常被移入国(host country，即接收移民之国家)视为一项带有负面意涵的议题与问题(question) 。

注2: 族裔根本主义理论(the primordialist theory of ethnicity)与族裔工具主义理论(the instrumentalist theory)两者差异主要在于对族裔性的看法。简略的作区分，族裔根本主义论者主张一个人所属的族裔是由生理决定、无法变动的事实 ; 而族裔工具主义论者则认为人可以自由选择自己所属的族裔，而选择的标准则是能为其带来最大利益最少成本的族裔。

注3：以一种文化为指涉点(the point of reference，将注意力集中于诸事件及其过程，经由此类事件与过程，一种文化因持续地接触，对其他一种文化或诸文化之元素，以接受、重组或抗拒等不同方式发生反应。)，也就是说Espiritu的立论是从Asian / White / Asian and White / Asian or White 哪一种文化出发? 她支持其中任一团体吗?