|
概要
6.101是一门介绍电子学实验的课程，你将学习有关于类比电路设计和可实际在现实生活之实验环境下操作的基本原则。你即将操作离散元件，例如有电阻、电容、二极体和电晶体，又操作集成元件，例如有运算放大器。此外，你将变得熟悉基本电子测试仪器的操作（数位多用电表、示波器、函数信号产生器、特性曲线描绘器等）。六个实验依序每周如期完成，一开始如同照本宣科做实验并且进展到设计练习；分组设计专题在学期后半段开始实作。
注：讲师在每周已规划四个小时的实验援助中将提供帮忙，并且每位助教在每周已规划十个小时的实验援助将提供帮忙。在其他可面会的时间或是你们可找到我们的时候，我们也鼓励你们与我们讨论。
人员
讲师：Ron Roscoe
作业
在本课程的五周里，问题集将在每周星期三公布，并且将在课程第二周开始公布，这些问题集在下周星期三上课前缴交。
成绩
-
作业10%
-
两次测验 15%
-
实验25%
-
专题50%
实验
在本课程中最初的阶段（这学期前半段），你将实作并缴交六个实验。这些实验做起来相当简单，如同“食谱”一样照本宣科地做并进展到设计练习。实验１、５和６需要一一核对签名。这些实验内容，除了实验１之外，将在星期五课堂上分发，并且其实验报告在下周星期五缴交至助教办公室。迟交是没有分数可言，除非你提出已写好的医疗请假单。
注：你应该预期这些实验作业平均一周花你十个小时。你将会发现很难正确地去完成这些实验，除非你很早就开始做实验并且打算奉献你重要的时间在实验上。第一个实验内容冗长，而你将有十天时间去完成它。
我们要求你在实验期间持续纪录所有的工作细节于实验笔记本上。在每次实验作业你将需要你的笔记本，你可以个别地写下你的解答在实验作业上，并／或缴交笔记本上恰当的实验纪录之影本附在你的实验报告中。在某些个案中，你可能会发现到你的笔记本上工作细节的纪录是很难领会了解，归咎于实验“开始就犯错”、很多“潦草乱算”的计算等等。在这些个案中，你可能想要在你的笔记本中对一特定问题的工作细节做个总结并且缴交其总结报告的影本。在任何的情况下，你的实验报告内容必须要工整并且要清楚有组织的。如果助教看不懂你做的报告，你将得不到分数。确保你有已缴交报告的备份影本，免得原报告遗失或是损毁！！
你应该随时与你本课程6.101上的同学讨论工作细节，但你在每次实验中应独自完成实验工作并且写在你实验报告上工作细节应该是你自己的。
六个实验的题目列举如下：
-
射频传输和接收；调谐电路的Ｑ值和频宽，调幅检测
-
对数放大器；整流二极体和整流电源供应器；使用Tektronix特性曲线描绘器观察双载子接面电晶体和场效电晶体的特性曲线
-
考虑双载子接面电晶体和场效电晶体放大器的直流偏压；“缠绕属于你自己的电感”；电容如何影响频率响应；使用一场效电晶体作为一类比开关
-
运算放大器：反转结构：输出偏移、增益、频宽、回转率、饱和状态；比较LM741和LF356；反转加法器；电压随耦器；Schmitt Trigger器；积分器；微分器；精确整流器；增加推挽输出级
-
具有改良式推挽输出级的功率放大器；两双载子接面电晶体的差动放大器；双载子接面电晶体和场效电晶体做成的电流源；555锯齿波产生器和压控震荡器〔注：本实验工作细节在实验室中需要逐一签名核对〕
-
串通直流稳压器；低电压指示器；三输入运算放大混频器和实验5功率放大器的增益控制级〔注：本实验工作细节在实验室中需要逐一签名核对〕
专题
在这学期的后半段，你们将实作一设计专题。班上同学三人为一组，并且每组选定一专题。你们组里所设计专题必须被构想成一产品来实现，其产品需制定一套全面性的目标，且特别是需达到一套最低规格要求。每组将比赛设计出最好的产品（最精简的设计、最好的性能、最接近规格要求、最直觉化的操作、最少的元件数和花费等等）。往后将在电子邮件中分配将建议实作的专题。
〔重要：许多激励你好奇心的构想将也可使用数位技术去实现；不过，这是一门类比课程；在你们期末专题中所使用数位电路的后果就是将从你们专题成绩扣除分数，除非事先从你设计蓝图里获得许可，其意指就是其设计蓝图里必须藉由数位电路方式去达到某种功能。如果你们专题中主要功能需使用数位技术，那忘记它，不要使用！同样地也禁用专门而做成的晶片，例如National公司的“调幅广播整合晶片”，不需要什么电路知识背景即可去使用晶片。我们想要教你们去学习设计这件事，且教你们使用基本已建立好的电路方块组：运算放大器、场效电晶体开关、电流镜、离散元件等。我们想要训练你，因此你可去Linear Technology公司或Analog Devices公司工作并设计复杂性高的晶片〕
设计专题的目的就是要模拟系统设计的流程，因为它可能会发生在“真实生活”的产品制造环境当中。你们可以思考自己组别是为了公司而工作的，并且要确定其产品是消费者有兴趣的。你们组别将必须发展一套执行策略、设计必要的电路、除错、并且达成最后的专题实作和报告文件。这将给你一个机会去处理真实生活的设计议题：在所选择的设计当中，其损益平衡点是什么、要如何选择特定的元件、其电路要消耗多少功耗、并且你如何设计一合适的电源供应器、电路要如何去布局、封装等等。你们最后的报告不仅是要包含其电路的描述和电路如何去运作，并且详细说明你们所遵循的设计流程。
系上将提供有限的资金[一个专题大约$150]去赞助你们的专题。除了使用花费在实验工具和仓储室上的部份资金外，你们将购买额外所需的元件去完成设计专题。在这学期每组所花费费用和购买元件流程的细节往后将公布出来。
对于你的设计专题，我们期望你在实验笔记本里保持一完整的实验纪录（电路构想、计算、量测和实验的结果等等）。除了要有好的纪录习惯外，你们笔记本将要提供不同阶段做专题时的精确纪录给你自己和你同学做为写期末专题报告的参考。在期末时，我们将收你们的实验笔记本和你的设计专题报告。当要为你们的课程表现打分数时，我们将检阅且考量本门课笔记本上的实验纪录。
期末专题口头报告和书面报告将你们组上努力成果。在你们之中有些人可能想使用设计专题上工作细节去组织phase-2认证写作学分的基本要素。你们可以缴交一份不同写作报告，其报告内容是你设计专题里最重大的部份。记住，你都有为这设计专题分担其责任，因为专题的某些部份大多是其他组员提供他们自己的心得去让自己组织一份不同的写作报告
在第二学期的后半段，你做实验的时段将都专注在你的设计专题上。在期末尾声，你将作一份口头报告／实物示范给讲师看，并也在那时缴交书面报告。在最后一堂课时，你将选一个时间讲解你的口头报告，并且不允许改变口头报告时间。专题内容里电路性能和报告做最好的组别，将赢得一台自动换档的数位万用电表，它也可量测beta值、电容值和温度，或者将赢得一年份的类比杂志《电子世界》（Electronics World）〔等同电表价值，不管你相不相信！〕
你的组别也将与指导教师群会面进行两周一次的讨论，是着重在你的方块图、电路图等等，以致于我们可查看你的进度，次数如同像在业界里工程设计再重新检阅动作的一样多。查看进度表的部分工作里包含一个你基本电路运作效能的分等签名核对。
使用你的6.101专题去因应你的Phase-2写作要求
如同之前所讨论的，你可以缴交一份不同写作报告，其报告内容是你设计专题里最重大的部份，是有助于完成Phase-2写作要求的。为了考量到Phase-2学分，你的报告必须：
在这学期里，藉由有代表性的写作课程将举办一口头报告，这将讨论一般技术写作和明确地指出你的报告如何被Phase-2审查委员评定。如果你想缴交你的报告至Phase-2，你需要填写一张合适的表格。如果你的报告在6.101课程里有得到A或B分数，在你缴交报告至大四学程的大学部办公室之前，Roscoe先生将在表格上签名，这也将提交报告至Phase-2进行复阅。当复阅报告交还至办公室，即可决定你的Phase-2写作成绩是及格或是不及格，并且如果你及格了，也将会通知注册组。
教科书
Neaman, Donald A.着，《电子电路分析与设计》（Electronic Circuit Analysis and Design）第二版，McGraw Hill 2001年出版〔ISBN 007 245 1947, 内附两片免费光碟〕
Johnson, D., and V. Jayakumar着《运算放大器电路：设计与应用》（Operational Amplifier Circuits: Design and Application），Prentice-Hall1947出版〔这本书已经绝版，你可以在仓储室窗口购买影印本〕
参考书
Horowitz, P., and W. Hill着，《电子学的艺术》（The Art of Electronics），第二版 Cambridge Univ. press 1989年出版〔我们强烈地建议你也购买这本书。这本参考书在其他课程或是毕业后将是对你有用的。在图书馆有保存影印本。〕
图书馆
讲师保存一参考书库，在你做专题期间这将是对你有用的，包括上述所建议的参考书。我将这些图书里面的参考书清单列在一份另外的讲义上。你可以签名外借这些参考书一整晚或是一段时日，这外借期限是决定在影印本和需求的数量
Guidelines
6.101 is an introductory electronics laboratory. You will learn about the basic principles of analog circuit design and operation in a practical, real-world laboratory setting. You will work both with discrete components such as resistors, capacitors, diodes, and transistors as well as with integrated components such as operational amplifiers. In addition, you will become familiar with the operation of basic electronic test equipment (digital multimeters, oscilloscopes, function generators, curve tracers, etc.). There are six labs due weekly which start out as cookbook types and progress to design exercises; there are group design projects for the second half of the term.
Note: The Instructor will be available for scheduled lab assistance hours for 4 hours per week, and the TA's each will be available for scheduled lab assistance hours for 10 hours per week. We also encourage you to meet with us at other times by appointment or when you can find us!
Personnel
Instructor: Ron Roscoe
Homework
Problem sets will be given out weekly on Wednesday for five weeks of the course, starting with the second week. They are due at the start of the class the following Wednesday.
Grading
-
Homework - 10%
-
2 Quizzes -- 15%
-
Labs --------- 25%
-
Project ------ 50%
Labs
During the initial part of the course (the first half of the semester), you will perform and turn in six laboratory experiments. They start out as fairly simple "cook-book'' experiments and progress into design exercises. Labs 1, 5 and 6 require check-offs. These laboratories will be handed out in class on Friday, except for Lab 1, and the write-ups will be due in the TA's office on Friday of the following week. There will be no credit for late submissions, unless a written medical excuse is provided.
Note: You should expect that these laboratory assignments will take you on the order of 10 hours a week, on average. You will find it very difficult to finish them properly unless you start them early and plan on devoting a significant amount of time to them. The first lab is a long one, and you have 10 days to complete it.
You are expected to maintain a laboratory notebook to record all of your work in the laboratory. Since you will need your notebooks for each of the assignments, you may either separately write up your solutions to the assignments and/or hand in Xeroxes of the appropriate pages of your laboratory notebooks for your laboratory write-ups. In some cases, you may find that the record of your work in your notebook is difficult to follow, due to "false starts," the presence of many "scratch'' calculations, etc. In these cases, you may want to summarize your work on a particular problem in your notebook and hand in a Xerox of the summary pages. In any event, your submissions must be NEAT and CLEARLY ORGANIZED. You will not get credit for work if the TA cannot follow what you did. Be sure that you have a backup copy of ANYTHING you hand in, in case something gets lost or damaged!!
Although you should feel free to discuss your work with your fellow students and of course the staff of 6.101, you are expected to work individually on each laboratory and the work which appears in your lab write-ups should be your own.
The subjects covered by the six labs are as follows:
-
RF Transmission and Reception; Q and bandwidth of tuned circuits, AM detection
-
Log Amplifier; Rectifier Diodes and Rectifier Power Supplies; Zener Diodes; Bipolar and FET characteristics using the Tektronix Curve Tracer
-
DC biasing considerations in bipolar and FET amplifiers; "Wind Your Own Inductor"; how capacitors affect low frequency response; using an FET as an analog switch
-
Operational Amplifiers: inverting configuration: output offset, gain, bandwidth, slew rate, saturation; Comparing the LM741 and LF356; inverting adder; voltage follower; Schmitt Trigger; integrator, differentiator; precision rectifier; adding push-pull output stages
-
Op-amp power amp with improved push-pull output stages; two-transistor differential amplifier; bipolar and FET current sources; 555 sawtooth generator and VCO [Note: this lab requires a check-off in lab.]
-
Series-pass DC voltage regulator; low-battery indicator; three-input op-amp mixer and gain control stages for Lab 5 power amp. [Note: this lab requires a check-off in lab.]
Project
During the last half of the semester, you will be working on a design project. The class will be broken into teams of 3 persons, and each team will decide on a project. This project must be conceived in terms of a "product'' that your team will design, with a set of overall objectives and especially with a set of minimum specifications which it must meet. Each team will then compete to design the best product (most elegant design, best performance, most closely meets specifications, most intuitively operated, lowest parts count and parts cost, etc.). Suggested projects will be distributed in an e-mail later in the term.
[Important: Many of the ideas that will intrigue you can also be implemented using "digital" techniques; however, this is an analog course; use of digital circuitry in your final project design will result in points being deducted from your project grade, unless you get permission in advance from the design staff, which means there has to be NO other way to achieve a certain function without the digital circuitry. If the main function of your project uses digital techniques, forget it!! Also forbidden are dedicated "chips" such as National's "AM-radio-on-a-chip" that require little understanding of the circuit operation to use. We want to teach you to learn to design things using the basic building blocks: op-amps, FET switches, current mirrors, discretes, etc. We want to train you so you can go to work for Linear Technology or Analog Devices and design sophisticated chips!]
The objective of the design project is to simulate the process of system design as it might occur in a "real-world'' manufacturing environment. You can think of your team as working for a company who has identified a product in which consumers are interested. Your team will have to develop an implementation strategy, design the required circuitry, debug it and achieve a final implementation, complete with documentation. This will give you a chance to deal with real-world design issues: what are the trade-offs involved in choosing a design, how does one select specific parts, how much power will the circuit draw and how do you design a suitable power supply, how should the circuit be laid out, packaged, etc.? Your final report will consist not only of a description of your circuit and how it operates but also a detailed description of the design process you followed.
The department provides a limited budget [roughly $150 per project] to fund your project. In addition to using parts from your lab kits and the stockroom, you will be able to purchase additional components as needed to complete your design. The details of how much each team will have to spend and the process for purchasing parts will be announced later in the semester.
For your design project you will be expected to keep a complete record of your work (circuit ideas, calculations, results of your measurements and experiments, etc.) in your laboratory notebook. In addition to being good practice, your notebook will provide an accurate record of the various stages of your project to which you and your teammates will need to refer as you write the final report describing your project. At the end of the semester, we will collect your laboratory notebooks along with your design project reports. We will review your notebook as a record of your work in 6.101 and will consider it when evaluating your performance in the course.
The final oral presentation and written report for the design project will be a team effort. Some of you may want to use your work on the design project to form the basis for a report to be submitted for phase-2 writing credit. You can do this simply by submitting a separate report on that portion of the design project for which you are primarily responsible. Note that you should keep this in mind as you divide up the responsibility on the design project since some parts of the project are more likely than others to lend themselves to a separate write up.
During the second half of the term, your lab time will be devoted to your design project. You will make an oral presentation/demonstration at the end of the term to the teaching staff, and you will also turn in a written report at that time. Time slots for your oral presentations will be selected in the last class and changes will not be allowed. The team with the best overall project, based on electrical performance and project report, will win an auto-ranging DMM that also measures beta, capacitance and temperature or a one-year subscription to the analog journal Electronics World [equal values, believe it or not!]
Your group will also meet with the instructing staff on approximately a bi-weekly basis to discuss your block diagrams, circuit schematics, etc. so that we may monitor your progress, much as engineering design reviews in industry are conducted. Part of this monitoring procedure includes a graded checkoff of the operation of your basic circuitry.
Using Your 6.101 Project To Satisfy Your Phase-2 Writing Requirement
As has been discussed, you can submit a separate report on that portion of the design project for which you are primarily responsible towards completion of your phase-2 writing requirement. In order to be considered for phase-2 credit, your report must:
-
consist of at least 10 pages of written text (not counting tables, schematics, figures, appendices, etc.), and
-
receive a grade of B or better on technical content.
There will be a presentation during the semester by a representative of the writing program who will talk about technical writing in general and specifically how your paper will be judged by the phase-2 staff. If you want your paper to be submitted to phase-2, you need to fill out the appropriate forms. If it receives a 6.101-grade of A or B, Mr. Roscoe will sign the form before you submit it in the course VI undergraduate office, which will submit it for phase-2 review. When it is returned to the office, it will translate the writing grade into a pass or fail for phase-2 and will notify the Registrar's office if you pass.
Textbooks
Neaman, Donald A. Electronic Circuit Analysis and Design. 2nd ed. McGraw Hill, 2001. [ISBN 007 245 1947, comes with two free CD-Rom's]
Johnson, D., and V. Jayakumar. Operational Amplifier Circuits: Design and Application. Prentice-Hall, 1982. [This book is out-of-print and you may buy a photocopy at the stockroom window.]
References
Horowitz, P., and W. Hill. The Art of Electronics. 2nd ed. Cambridge Univ. Press, 1989. [We strongly recommend that you also purchase this book. This reference will be useful in other courses and after graduation. A copy is on reserve in the library.]
Library
The instructor maintains a library of reference books that will be useful during your project, including the recommended reference above. The books and references in this library are listed on a separate handout. You may sign out these references overnight or for an extended period, depending on the number of copies available and the demand.
|
