课程
Course Overview
引言
Introduction
第一期:哪些受控制?
Issue 1: What is Controlled?
自主运动和不自主运动的差别:
Distinction Between Voluntary and Involuntary Movements:
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反射
Reflexes
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举例:膝反射(牵张反射)
Example: patellar reflex (myotatic reflex)
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膝反射是自主反射吗?
Is a knee jerk not voluntary?
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反射调控
Modulation of reflexes
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晏德腊西克氏手法
Jendrassik maneuver
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反射抑制
Suppression of reflexes
外部表现
External:
第二期:用于神经系统的提示线索
Issue 2: Cues Used by the Nervous System
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反射
Reflexes
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举例:膝反射(牵张反射)
Example: patellar reflex (myotatic reflex)
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膝反射是自主反射吗?
Is a knee jerk not voluntary?
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反射调控
Modulation of reflexes
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晏德腊西克氏手法
Jendrassik maneuver
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反射抑制
Suppression of reflexes
外部表现:
External:
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视觉
Visual
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听觉
Auditory
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触压觉
.Touch/Pressure
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痛觉
Pain
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重力感觉
Gravity
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受体
Receptors
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嗅觉
Olfactory
内部表现:
Internal:
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本体感受器
Proprioreceptors
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肌肉、腱、系带和韧带内的感受器
Receptors in muscles, tendons, fascia and ligaments
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获得性触发
Learned triggers
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刺激 反应
S R
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非条件化刺激 非条件化反应
UCS UCR
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(内在刺激 + 非条件化刺激)n 内在刺激 内在反应
(Si + UCS)n Si Ri
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意图
Intention
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认知控制
Cognitive Control
第三期:控制运动的神经系统的提示信息
Issue 3: Cues Used by the Nervous System to Control Movements
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感觉运动、记忆术和认知
Sensorimotor, mnemonic, and cognitive
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语言系统的举例
Example of the language system
第四期:分析层次
Issue 4: Levels of Analysis
层次I:
Level I:
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情感/认知
Emotion/Cognition
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书写运动系统
Grapho-Motor System
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语言运动系统
Motor-Speech System
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听觉系统
Auditory System
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视觉系统
Visual System
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写说听读
Writing Speaking Hearing Reading
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公式表述
Formulation
语言系统:
Language System:
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工作
Working
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记忆
Memory
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理解
Comprehension
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运动控制的连续模型
Serial model of motor control
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运动控制的连续模型所需的计算
Computations required by serial model of motor control
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前馈/反馈控制
Feed-forward / feedback control
第五期:计算什么和如何计算?
Issue 5: What is Computed and How?
运动控制的连续模型:
Serial Model of Motor Control:
运动学:
Kinematics:
动力学:
Dynamics:
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运动相关力的形式——关节力矩
Patterns of forces associated with the movements – joint torques.
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假设你看见并确定了一个物体和身体之间的相对位置,要拿到它,就需要计算:
Assume you visually specify object position with respect to the body. To reach it, is then necessary to compute:
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反向运动学:计算手指接触物体时的关节角度
Inverse kinematics: Compute the joint angle to get the finger to the target.
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反向动力学:假定已知靶物体的位置和运动学后,计算将手臂伸到物体所需的力量
Inverse dynamics: Given desired target position and kinematics, compute the forces needed to get the arm there.
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运动控制连续模型所需的计算
Computations required by serial model of motor control
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前馈/反馈控制
Feed-forward / feedback control
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举例:伸手拿某物体
E.g. touch X
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头部眼球运动
Eye in head
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头部和躯体间的相互运动
Head on trunk
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手臂和躯体间的相互运动
Arm on trunk
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手臂关节和手的运动
Arm joints / hand
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自我参照点
Egocentric
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中心扫描
Center scan
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视网膜拓扑图
Retinotopic
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以物体为基础的
Object centered?
第六期:感觉运动控制的空间座标架构
Issue 6: Spatial Coordinate Frames Used for Sensorimotor Control
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大脑皮层
Cerebral cortex
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基底神经节
Basal ganglia
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小脑
Cerebellum
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脑干
Brainstem
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脊髓
Spinal cord
第七期:运动控制相关的脑区有哪些?
Issue 7: What Brain Regions are Involved in Motor Control?
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刺激
Stimulation
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切除/人类临床病理联系
Ablation / human clinicopath correlations
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连结的解剖
Anatomy of connections
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动物研究
Animal studies
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反射
Reflexes
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运动力
Locomotion
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行为方式
Behavioral patterns
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以基因为基础的研究
Gene-based studies
第八期:研究运动控制用到了哪些技术?
Issue 8: What Techniques are Used to Study Motor Control?
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自由度
Degrees of freedom problem
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行为的连续等级
Serial order of behavior
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感觉/知觉运动转换
Sensory / perceptual motor transform
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运动相等量
Motor equivalence
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运动的学习和可塑性
Motor learning and plasticity
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高级控制:认知、动机
Higher order control: cognition, motivation
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计算模型
Computational models
第九期:本领域内的挑战
Issue 9: Challenges for the Field
自由度问题:
Degrees of Freedom Problem:
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1DF
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DF
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DF 手腕的3DF
3DF at wrist
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2DF
自由度问题:
Degrees of Freedom Problem:
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事先制订计划
Plan ahead
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使肌肉痉挛最少 (da/dt)
Minimize jerk (da/dt)
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内建同步 (例如,「协同运动」)
Built-in synchronies (e.g. “associated movements”)
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「难度太大选择放弃」(Alexander + Crutcher)
“Too complicated so can’t be done so we don’t do it” (Alexander + Crutcher)
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终点计算和轨迹计算
End point calculations vs. trajectory calculations
自由度问题的可能解决方案:
Possible Solutions to the Degrees of Freedom Problem:
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讲话
Speech
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复杂动作
Complex actions
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碗橱中的牛奶
Milk in cupboard
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电冰箱中燕麦盒子
Cereal box in fridge
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协同构音 [编:下一个字的音影响到其一个字的尾音,意指再前一个动作结束前下一个作已经开始做准备
Co-articulation
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手指移动——并非依照需要打出的字母顺序而动作——群指动作
Fingers move ahead – not in order of letters to be typed – as in “an epic”
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模块性?
Modularity?
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块状?
Chunking?
连续有序的动作范例:
Examples of Serial Order of Behavior:
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来源:Rosenbaum, D.A. (1991) 人类运动控制 纽约,论着,第16页
Source: Rosenbaum, D.A. (1991) Human Motor Control. New York, Academic, p. 16.
共同清晰度
Co-articulation
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来源:Rosenbaum, D.A. (1991) 人类运动控制 纽约,论着,第6页
Source: Rosenbaum, D.A. (1991) Human Motor Control. New York, Academic, p. 6.
第五讲范例大纲:运动皮层
Sample Lecture Outline for Lecture 5: Motor Cortex
初级运动皮层
Primary Motor Cortex
锥体束的作用
Role of the Pyramidal Track
M1神经元的编码内容是什么?
What is Coded by M1 Neurons?
- Edward Everets (1960's) 设计的实验协定的突破
Breakthrough with experimental protocol introduced by Edward Everets (1960's)
- 有关负载的M1神经元编码——早期故事
M1 neurons code for load - early story
- 运动方向的M1神经元进行群编码(Georgopoulos实验)
M1 neurons have a population code for direction of movement (Georgopoulos experiments)
- 群矢量
Population vectors
M1地图/代表区是高度可塑性的
M1 Map/Representation is Highly Plastic.
M1神经元反应不仅仅与相应的肌肉EMG活动有关
What M1 Neurons Respond to is not Simply Related to Corresponding Muscle EMG Activity.
不同皮层区域特化成不同运动的假说
The Hypothesis that Different Motor Cortical Areas Specialize in Different Aspects of Movement.
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「简单」运动
"Simple" movements
- 连续运动
Sequential movements
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假想运动
Imagined movements