学期报告要求
Term Paper Requirements

有两种选择可满足学期报告的要求
There are two options to satisfy the requirements of this subject:

1. 9学分：需交一份约10到15页的报告，以授课内容所讨论到主题为依据。
   9 credits: A paper of about 10 to 15 pages: Based on a topic discussed in lectures.
   
2. 12学分：需交一份约18到25页的报告，由学生寻找合适的研究主题。
   12 credits: A paper of about 18 to 25 pages: Research topic chosen by student.

学期报告时间表
Term Paper Time Table

第一阶段
Stage One

准备建议书－一至两页的长度——略述报告建议书的内容，包括参考的资源。（需说明是9或12学分）。第八周。
Prepare proposal -- one or two pages in length - outlining the content of the proposed paper, including sources consulted. (Indicate 9 or 12 units). Week 8.

第二阶段
Stage Two

与讲师约时间讨论。第十周。
Sign up to meet with instructor. Week 10.

第三阶段
Stage Three

完成报告。第26周。
Complete paper. Week 26.

学期报告主题
Term Paper Subject

在大多数令人失望的报告中，最常出现的是在描述城市或城市组成中停滞不前，且无将这些描述与前提或论点做紧密连结。当然如果你持续发展各种范畴来了解数据且最后提出具整体价值的东西，那么从有趣的资料中衍生出假说是可行的。 在社会科学中，这通常叫做“基础理论”。更常见的是有一个前提－一个难题、一个未深入讨论的问题、一个难以理解的关系－然后找出适合的数据来验证（或反证）这个前提。不管选择哪一种方式－归纳或推演－聪明的结构应该以论点为基础或与其紧密连结，同时尽可能地清晰。必须记得设计一个有价值的探索模式， 同时身为建筑师，各位大多数已经有或应该有具价值的设计能力可以将其延伸至此主题报告中。
Among the most disappointing papers have been those that have stuck to description of cities, or parts of cities, without pinning these descriptions to some hypothesis or argument. It is possible, of course, to derive hypotheses from interesting data, if you keep on developing categories for understanding the data and finally say something valuable about it all. In social science, this is often called "grounded theory." More commonly one has a hypothesis -- a puzzling question, an unexplored problem, a curious relationship -- and finds the appropriate data to validate (or not) the hypothesis. Whichever way you choose to work -- inductively or deductively -- the intellectual structure should be based on argument, be linked, and be as clear as possible. Remember that designing is a valuable mode of inquiry, and that, as architects, many of you have or should have valuable design skills which you can bring to bear in a paper for this subject.

有很多有效但未深入的论题与此主题的一般性研究有一致性。例如，有哪些城市形式理论同时处理其空间、熟练的形式，以及这些形式的社会环境。这里有一些过去学生曾追踪的论题：
There are many valid, unexplored topics in line with the general exploration of the subject, i.e., what are theories of the form of cities which deal with both their spatial, experienced form, and the social environment of these forms. Here are some which students have pursued in the past:

城市案例研究
Case Studies of Cities

城市案例研究可证明形式与社会之间的特定关系，不论是现今或历史上的。通常这些关系在一些戏剧性改变的条件下十分清楚，如从殖民到后殖民城市的改变，或者都会型社会对突来压力的反应。在此，通常的问题是寻找数据的困难度，但如果愿意做数据挖堀工作的话，波士顿大学和剑桥大学有很好的图书馆查询系统。以下为一些例子：
Case studies of cities in which it is possible to demonstrate specific relationships between form and society, either today or historically. Often these relationships are clearer under conditions of dramatic change, as in the change from colonial to post-colonial cities, or in the reaction of urban society to sudden stress. Here the problem is often one of finding the data, but Boston and Cambridge have good libraries, if you can do the digging. Examples:

Deoege, P.，＜流动的城市＞，1977.
Droege, P. "Floating Cities." 1977.

King, G.，＜波士顿，亚利桑那州，1924－1945：一个暂时安置的图示案例研究＞，1977.
King, G. "Poston, Arizona, 1924-1945: An Illustrated Case Study of a Temporary Settlement." 1977.

Ebbe, K.，＜自由到控制：表彰殖民统治的城市形式＞，(Leopoldville and Kinshasha), 1978.
Ebbe, K. "Freedom to Control: City Form as an Expression of Colonial Domination." (Leopoldville and Kinshasha), 1978.

Aldrete-Haas, J. A.，＜已建构环境的组成：墨西哥城中的殖民劳工阶级之案例＞，1979.
Aldrete-Haas, J. A. "The Formation of the Built Environment: The Case of a Colonial Proletaria in Mexico City." 1979.

Devol, J.，＜新伊甸园之死＞，1979.
Devol, J. "The Death of a New Eden." 1979.

Ferreira, F.，＜在拉丁美洲的葡萄牙与西班牙殖民城市：基本比较法＞，1980.
Ferreira, F. "Portuguese and Spanish Colonial Cities in Latin America: A First Comparative Approach." 1980.

Murray, S.，＜在美国使用历史土地的模式＞，1980.
Murray, S. "Historical Land Use Patterns in the United States of America." 1980.

Morse, S.，＜农业发展的都市形式：在巴西亚马逊河的殖民开发＞，1981.
Morse, S. "Urban Form for Rural Development: Colonization in the Brazilian Amazon." 1981.

Lin, Y. Y.，＜商业力量对都会形式的影响：中国城市开封的案例＞，1981.
Lin, Y. Y. "The Impact of Commercial Force on Urban Form: The Case of K'ai-feng, China." 1981.

Mulla, A.，＜在蒙巴萨（肯亚）的历史定居模式＞，1981.
Mulla, A. "Historical Settlement Patterns in Mombasa." 1981.

Kousoulas, G.，＜暗示与寓言：一个首都的格言＞，1984.
Kousoulas, G. "Allusion and Allegory: Aphorisms of a Capital." 1984.

Christofidou, E.，＜尼古西亚（塞浦路斯首都）的发展＞，1985.
Christofidou, E. "The Development of Nicosia, Capital of Cyprus." 1985.

Shah, B.，＜改变空间秩序与新国教：加德满都，尼泊尔＞，1987.
Shah, B. "Changing Spatial Order and New Conformity: Katmandu, Nepal." 1987.

Purwono, E.，＜旧殖民城市的转变：雅加达案例研究＞，1988.
Purwono, E. "Transformation of a Former Colonial City: A Case Study of Jakarta." 1988.

Margoles, C.，＜南非城市：解放或监禁？＞，1988.
Margoles, C. "The South African City: Emancipation or Prison?" 1988.

Wolfson, M.，＜如神话般的城市：凤凰城，亚利桑那州＞，1989.
Wolfson, M. "City as Myth: Phoenix, Arizona." 1989.

Rojas, J.，＜东京观察报告＞，1990.
Rojas, J. "Observations of Tokyo." 1990.

Havens, G.，＜都伯林：殖民地爱尔兰的首都＞，1991.
Havens, G. "Dublin: Capital of Colonial Ireland." 1991.

Kanakar, A.，＜瓦拉那西：神圣的城市＞，1991.
Kanakar, A. "Varanasi: The Holy City." 1991.

Campanella, T. J.，＜荒野中的圣殿，临海城市，格拉维森，长岛，1643＞，1992
.Campanella, T. J. "Sanctuary in the Wilderness, City by the Sea, Gravesend, Long Island, 1643." 1992.

Shea, C. E.，＜撒马尔罕：世界的镜子＞，1993.
Shea, C. E. "Samarkand: 'Mirror of the World'." 1993.

Eastley, L.，＜摩门教小区与世俗界的建筑＞，1993.
Eastley, L. "Mormon Communities and the Building of the Earthly Kingdom." 1993.

Hurley, T. C.，＜在山丘上城市的灯是熄灭的：韦伦，麻萨诸塞州＞，1994.
Hurley, T. C. "The Lights are Out in the City on the Hill: Wayland, Massachusetts." 1994.

Sarkin, G.，＜柏林十字路口－Potsdammerplatz案例研究＞，1994.
Sarkin, G. "Berlin Crossroads - The Case of Potsdammerplatz." 1994.

Kodama, T.，＜神户港的形成＞，1995.
Kodama, T. "The Formation of Kobe." 1995.

Askalan, R.，＜贝鲁特：昨日，今日与明日＞，1995.
Askalan, R. "Beirut: Yesterday, Today and Tomorrow." 1995.

McHugh, E. T.，＜华沙：在城市重建中的记忆，历史与国家认同之案例研究＞，1996.
McHugh, E. T. "Warsaw: A Study of Memory, History and National Identity in the Reconstruction of the City." 1996.

Carrera, F.，＜Campo Santa Maria Formosa，威尼斯，意大利＞，1997.
Carrera, F. "Campo Santa Maria Formosa, Venice, Italy." 1997.

Kosebay, Y.，＜展现Nasuh 16世纪伊斯坦堡的语言－加拉达的微形绘画＞，1997
.Kosebay, Y. "Representing Language of Nasuh's 16th Century Istanbul-Galata Miniature Painting." 1997.

Turkel, J.A.，＜巴洛，阿拉斯加州：在美国最不可能的城镇＞，1998.
Turkel, J. A. "Barrow, Alaska: The Most Improbable Town in America." 1998.

Tian, L. L.，＜家庭生活在赫尔辛基城市中的概念＞，1998.
Tian, L. L. "The Concept of Home in the City of Helsinki." 1998.

Apigian, M.，＜聚合的景观：圣地亚哥－提华纳＞，1999.
Apigian, M. "Landscapes of Convergence: San Diego-Tijuana." 1999.

Mathema, K.，＜观光与城市形式：加德满都山谷＞，1999.
Mathema, K. "Tourism and City Form: The Kathmandu Valley." 1999.

Switzky, J.，＜旧金山的瞬间城市与“新兴都市”形式的理论＞，2000.
Switzky, J. "The Instant City of San Francisco and Theories on the Form of 'Boomtowns'." 2000.

Pitts, E.，＜特领吉族村庄与住宅组织＞，2000.
Pitts, E. "Tlingit Village and House Organization." 2000.

Spencer, C.，＜城市重建：对实际形式与史堪纳迪闹区思考方式的影响＞，2001
.Spencer, C. "Urban Renewal: Its Effects on the Physical Form and Thinking of Downtown Schenectady." 2001.

Gillespie, J.，＜拉斯韦加斯：神化的边远绿州或模范美国城市？＞，2002.
Gillespie, J. "Las Vegas: Mythical Frontier Oasis or Paradigmatic American City?" 2002.

Fergason, T.，＜Krier和Koolhaas＞，2002.
Fergason, T. "Krier & Koolhaas." 2002.

Resnick, N.，＜底特律的出轨＞，2003.
Resnick, N. "The Derailment of Detroit." 2003.

更多针对单一论点多方面深入研究
More Deeply-researched Aspects of a Topic

有更多针对论点多方面深入的研究会在授课中讨论。在此，是对论点的某一方面进行批判性的研究，使模糊的更坚固但可激发想法，或者用报告在特定的领域来延伸自己的兴趣。因此，各位必须搜寻更仔细的信息或者以不同的方式来安排论点。以下为一些例子：
More deeply-researched aspects of a topic which has been discussed in the class lectures. Here the task is to examine an aspect of a topic critically, to solidify vague but provocative notions, or to use the paper to strengthen your own interest in a special area. You either have to find more detailed information, or be able to arrange arguments in a different way. Examples:

McFarlan III, E.，＜Alexander：语言与观念＞，1977.
McFarlan III, E. "Alexander: The Language and the Ideology." 1977.

Polton, R.，＜社会主义与城市建构：概述与分析＞，1977.
McFarlan III, E.，＜Alexander：语言与观念＞，1977.
Polton, R. "Socialism and City-making: An Overview and Analysis." 1977.

Dean, C.，＜朝向城市形式理论：科比意对阿尔及利亚城市的计划，1930-1942＞，1978.
Dean, C. "Towards a Theory of City Form: Le Corbusier's Plans for the City of Algiers, 1930-1942." 1978.

Poodry, D.，＜社会结构与空间结构：观察报告＞，1978.
Poodry, D. "Social Structure and Spatial Structure: Observations." 1978.

Wang, M. H.，＜在城市建构过程中结案方式的两难困境＞，1978.
Wang, M. H. "The Ends-Means Dilemma in the City-making Process." 1978.

Shah, V.，＜印度的古老城镇规划原则＞，1980.
Shah, V. "Ancient Town Planning Principles in India." 1980.

Watiker, J.，＜影响早期城市发展的力量为何？＞，1988.
Watiker, J. "What Forces Influenced the Development of Early Cities?" 1988.

Unger, M.，＜在欧式脉络中的街区＞，1981.
Unger, M. "The Block in the European Context." 1981.

Dale, J.，＜Thomas Jefferson的城市意像＞，1984.
Dale, J. "Thomas Jefferson's Image of the City." 1984.

Kim, J.，＜现代化与日常建构环境＞，1986.
Kim, J. "Modernization and the Everyday Built Environment." 1986.

Nielsen, B.，＜另一面：以性别为基础的城市形式理论＞，1986.
Nielsen, B. "The Other Side: Gender-based Theories of City Form." 1986.

Kapadia, K.，＜都会模型本质的转变＞，1987.
Kapadia, K. "Transformational Nature of Urban Pattern." 1987.

Tuttle, W.，＜Aldo Rossi和Leon Krier＞，1987.
Tuttle, W. "Aldo Rossi and Leon Krier." 1987.

Brady, N.，＜无限可能的城市＞，1988.
Brady, N. "Cities of Infinite Possibilities." 1988.

Sim, K.，＜统治者的街道与城市：另一个历史＞，1988.
Sim, K. "Regent Street and the City: An Alternative History." 1988.

DeShong, M.，＜居住类型学与都市形态学：伦敦与巴黎＞，1990.
DeShong, M. "Housing Typology and Urban Morphology: London and Paris." 1990.

Kumar, S.，＜“非城市”与城市形式＞，1991.
Kumar, S. "The 'Non-City' and City Form." 1991.

Vernooy, A.，＜多核城市：形式或者观察的转折点＞，1991.
Vernooy, A. "Polynuclear Cities: Crisis in Form or Perception." 1991.

Rashid, M.，＜混乱时代＞，1992.
Rashid, M. "Chaos Reigns." 1992.

Scheid, A.，＜Garnier和Gill＞，1993.
Scheid, A. "Garnier and Gill." 1993.

Knight, L.，＜权力的位子＞，1994.
Knight, L. "Seats of Power." 1994.

Mar, E.，＜边界条件：不均衡的发展与流动空间＞，1995.
Mar, E. "The Border Condition: Uneven Development and the Space of Flows." 1995.

Crabtree, A.，＜人类城市＞，1996.
Crabtree, A. "The City of Man." 1996.

Moustafa, A. A.，＜摩洛哥的殖民城市规划政策 ，1912-1923＞，1997.
Moustafa, A. A. "Colonial Planning Policies in Morocco 1912-1923." 1997.

Papaefthimiou, N.，＜开普敦、金斯敦和里约：空间分隔的案例研究＞，1998.
Papaefthimiou, N. "Cape Town, Kingston and Rio: Case Studies in Spatial Segregation." 1998.

Han, H-S.，＜可持续发展：可持续都市设计＞，1999.
Han, H-S. "Sustainable Development: Sustainable Urban Design." 1999.

Brown, R. S.，＜做为都市形式的类型学：Boston's Back Bay的都市形态学＞，2000
.Brown, R. S. "Typology as Urban Form: Urban Morphology in Boston's Back Bay." 2000.

Ho, J. C. ，＜Broadacre的暗示：Frank Lloyd Wright的郊区乌托邦＞，2001.
Ho, J. C. "The Implications of Broadacre: Frank Lloyd Wright's Suburban Utopia." 2001.

Meyer, W.，＜Malecon的社会过程＞，2002.
Meyer, W. "The Social Process of the Malecon." 2002.

Raber, C.，＜透过艺术家的眼＞，2003.
Raber, C. "Through the Eyes of an Artist." 2003.

当代形式问题
Form Issues of Today

因为它们表现出一个崭新或创新的想法而值得书写的当代形式问题，是现今重要争论的部份、或者因为它们已被摊开讨论故较易接近。窍门是避免大量的概略性论述并同时做得比都市新闻写作多。以下为一些例子：
Form issues of today which are worth writing about because they represent a new or innovative idea, are part of an important current debate, or interesting because you can get close to events as they are unfolding. The trick is to avoid gross generalities and to do more than a piece of urban journalism. Examples:

Karen, V.，＜无行人环境＞，1977.
Karen, V. "Pedestrian-free Environments." 1977.

Landman, W.，＜回收郊区＞，1977.
Landman, W. "Recycling the Suburbs." 1977.

Oliver, R.，＜波士顿滨水区：作为交换系统的环境＞，1977.
Oliver, R. "The Boston Waterfront District: The Environment as an Exchange System." 1977.

Kokkoris, P.，＜比喻与形式主义＞，1979.
Kokkoris, P. "Similitude and Formalism." 1979.

Smith, T.，＜具哥伦比亚特点的公众定居项目的孤立：占空间的社会控制运用＞，1979.
Smith, T. "The Isolation of the Columbia Point Public Housing Project: A Social Control Exerted Spatially." 1979.

Holleran, M.，＜作为维护问题的街道格局＞，1985.
Holleran, M. "Street Patterns as a Preservation Issue." 1985.

Wiggins, G.，＜信息社会对城市形式上的影响＞，1988.
Wiggins, G. "The Impact of the Information Society on the Form of the City." 1988.

Robinson, R.，＜召唤的城市＞，1990.
Robinson, R. "The Evocative City." 1990.

Klein, M.，＜Nantucket：控制自己未来的岛＞，1980.
Klein, M. "Nantucket: An Island Controls its Future." 1980.

Fraser-Reid, T.，＜近郊的创新传统城镇＞，1991.
Fraser-Reid, T. "Suburban Neo-traditional Towns." 1991.

Ahmed, I.，＜广场大道，拉合尔＞，1991.
Ahmed, I. "The Mall Road, Lahore." 1991.

Kucan, A.，＜巴塞隆纳：现代性公开展示与传统公共空间＞，1992.
Kucan, A. "Barcelona: Spectacle of Modernity and Traditional Public Space." 1992.

Panfil, J. C.，＜步行区：近看的样子＞，1993.
Panfil, J. C. "The Pedestrian Pocket: A Closer Look." 1993.

Slate, B. R.，＜契约与格子状：美国朝向新郊区住宅土地开发＞，1993.
Slate, B. R. "The Covenant and the Grid: Toward New Suburban Tracts for America." 1993.

Feng, Z.，＜概念上的都市生活＞，1993.
Feng, Z. "Conceptual Urbanism." 1993.

Chew, W.，＜什么是过去的现在中心之未来＞，1994.
Chew, W. "What is the Future of the Present Centrality of the Past." 1994.

Pollard, K.，＜Projetto Bicocca：「理智取走了城市中的形式」＞，1994.
Pollard, K. "Projetto Bicocca: 'Mind Takes Form in the City'." 1994.

Sandomire, D.，＜如记忆般的城市＞，1995.
Sandomire, D. "City as Memory." 1995.

Mukhija, V.，＜谁的城市？德里的Lefebvrian Critique＞，1996.
Mukhija, V. "Whose City is it? A Lefebvrian Critique of Delhi." 1996.

Lave, R.，＜设计改变：将人文态度转变成自然环境＞，1997.
Lave, R. "Designing Change: Transforming Cultural Attitudes towards the Natural Environment." 1997.

Durska, M.，＜确认“正确”的都市往事：Rob Krier的Ritterstrasse住宅项目＞，1998.
Durska, M. "Affirming the 'Correct' Urban Past: Rob Krier's Ritterstrasse Housing Project." 1998.

Campos, G.，＜邻里再现的概念＞，1999.
Campos, G. "The Re-emerging Concept of Neighborhood." 1999.

Kron, Z. M.，＜被遗弃的加油站＞，2000.
Kron, Z. M. "Abandoned Gas Stations." 2000.

Messagli, M. K.，＜网上零售与零售商：购物的社会文化特点＞，2000.
Messagli, M. K. "E-Tailing vs. Retailing: The Socio-Cultural Dimensions of Shopping." 2000.

Schupbach, J.，＜都市娱乐中心与闹区购物＞，2002.
Schupbach, J. "Urban Entertainment Centers and Downtown Shopping." 2002.

Shorett, M.，＜心灵城市规划：多中心北美区域计划的命运＞，2003.
Shorett, M. "Spiritual Planning: The Fate of a Polycentric North American Regional Plan." 2003.

公共建筑如何影响城市形式，或反之亦然
How Institutions Affect the Form of the City, or Vice Versa

公共建筑如何影响城市形式，或反之亦然。这些是一般性的论点，需要一个对公共建筑仔细的检查以及一个将其模式化的方法、一种将实体环境概念化的方法、以及最后的一个好说明可以将其做恰当的安排。或者顺序也可以颠倒。这些并不容易。有些拥有对这类问题强而有力的意见：例如，超高办公大楼如何展现土地开发与人力资源，但却很少展示出其令人信服的关系。以下为一些例子：
How institutions affect the form of the city, or vice versa. These are generally topics which require a careful examination of an institution and a way of modeling it, a way of conceptualizing the physical environment, and finally, a good explanation of how these fit together. Or the order can be reversed. These are not easy tasks. Some hold strong opinions about these kinds of subjects: for example, how tall office towers represent exploitation of land and human resources, but seldom demonstrate these relationships convincingly. Examples:

Calvet, L.与M. Dominguez，＜剑桥的街道：谁控制了什么？＞，1978.
Calvet, L., and M. Dominguez. "The Streets of Cambridge: Who Controls What?" 1978.

Jaster, S.，＜海滩，控制与种族冲突＞，1978.
Jaster, S. "Beaches, Control, and Racial Conflict." 1978.

Mazumdar, S.，＜波斯建筑中的控制概念＞，1978.
Mazumdar, S. "The Concept of Control in Persian Architecture." 1978.

Ozonoff, T.，＜公共卫生与城市形式：初期，1630-1799＞，1981.
Ozonoff, T. "Public Health and City Form: The Early Period, 1630-1799." 1981.

Lou, E.，＜做为社会控制工具的公众住宅：新加坡＞，1983.
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Fischler, R.，＜建筑与文化产物：十字形与旗帜－在巴西利亚的设计与政治＞，1985.
Fischler, R. "Architecture and Cultural Production: The Cross and the Banner - Design and Politics in Brasilia." 1985.

Moustafa, A. A.，＜摩洛哥的殖民城市计划策略，1912-1923＞，1987.
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Pradhan, G.，＜意识形态与城市形式间的关系：德里案例＞，1987.
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Vale, L.，＜新首都城市的政治与形式＞，1987.
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Smith, T. E.，＜三个城市的传说：异常行为的控制与城市形式＞，1988.
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Rea, C. B.，＜希望与绝望的遗产：底特律＞，1990.
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Shimshoni, A.，＜尼吉夫的贝多因人：形式与政治＞，1990.
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Sherman, M. E.，＜向儿童学习城市形式＞，1991.
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Landaeta, A. R.，＜社会主义是否为反都市生活？哈瓦那案例＞，1994.
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Sass, L.，＜非裔美国人城市的理论＞，1994.
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Yi, E-S.，＜都市逻辑与神圣方向（注：「the Oibla」意为回教徒朝向圣城麦加祈祷的方向）＞，1995.
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Mani, M.，＜移动范例与短暂当权对城市形式的影响：研究海得拉巴，印度＞，1996.
Mani, M. "Shifting Paradigms and the Influence of Temporal Authority on City Form: A Study of Hyderabad, India." 1996.

Tulay, S.，＜精神病患的安置：来自城市的道德静修所＞，1997.
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Smith, C. A.，＜展示与公共空间＞，1998.
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Kim, D.，＜如何在正方形中划一条直线：察看中央广场＞，2000.
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Liao, N. H.，＜研究在芝加哥做为种族识别的都市标志制造＞，2000.
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Muntean, D.，＜在奥匈帝国统治下的塞拉耶佛（1878-1914）：帝国的改革与对城市形式的影响＞，2001.
Muntean, D. "Sarajevo under the Austro-Hungarian Empire (1878-1914): The Empire's Reforms and their Impact on the City Form." 2001.

Yaden, R.，＜美国的州际公路与城市设计＞，2002.
Yaden, R. "Interstate Highways and City Design in the United States." 2002.

Hodges, C.，＜公众教育与可观的成长＞，2003.
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