“种族”的分类，一直是根据假定的生物差异性，将人们按阶级高低分门别类，用以合法化社会的不公；而在诸多历史实务中，科学讨论不但是主要资源，也是分列种族的决定性工具。在本课程第一部分“种族魔法：形成和破坏科学种族主义”中，我们将检视这两个趋向，阅读有关种族主义演化论的兴起和再制与性别的概念、廿世纪初英国和美国对优生学的争论、纳粹的“优生政策”观念、拉丁美洲国族建构计划中的种族概况、以及从研究种族至族群评估到探讨分析基因组的生物理论趋势。在本课程第二部分“种族的再形成：形成和再制科学术语”中，我们要更深入观察，即使种族不是中心议题时，在形成问题、步骤和赋活科学工作的认识论时，种族的定位何在；我们要试着了解，主流和边缘化的团体会如何以威迫和解放的方式，对科学的实践 （以及技术的形成） 贴上种族的标签；我们想知道，例如，“白种”是如何写入科学的，以及从次级的种族位阶执行科学，是否允许我们从不同的方向观看科学与技术以及科学与技术史，在检视这些问题时，我们特别关注北美洲的政治情势和种族结构。课程最后，我们要判断在基因学和资讯学的世界中，“种族”逻辑是否有所变化，以及是否能以此回应新面貌的种族、科学和技术。

指定书目

珊卓．哈定汇编，《科学“种族”经济：迈向民主的未来》(The "Racial" Economy of Science: Toward a Democratic Future)，Bloomington: Indiana University Press， 1993，ISBN: 0253326931。

Kevles, Daniel J，《假优生学之名：遗传学及人类遗传之应用》(The Name of Eugenics: Genetics and the Uses of Human Heredity)，Cambridge: Harvard University Press，1995，ISBN: 0520057635。

作业

学生要写三份 7 页长的报告，请由导师所提供的题目中择一撰写，每份报告占各科成绩 30%，报告不得以电子邮件传送，课堂参与纳入计分，包括课堂上的讨论及写作练习 (各科成绩 10%)，必须准时出席，没有期末考。

The category of "race" has often been used to naturalize social inequality by assigning people to hierarchically ordered groupings based on assumed biological difference. Scientific discourse has been a key resource in the history of this practice. But it has also been a crucial tool for dismantling race. In the first portion of this course, "The Alchemy of Race: Making and Unmaking Scientific Racism," we will examine these twin tendencies, reading about the rise of evolutionary racism alongside ideas about reproduction and sex; early twentieth century contests over eugenics in the U.K. and U.S.; Nazi notions of "racial hygiene"; race in the nation-building projects of Latin America; and trends in biological theory from studying race to evaluating populations to, today, examining genomes. We will also look at links between race and medical practice. The second portion of this class, "Reformulating Race: Making and Remaking the Idioms of Science," looks more keenly at the place of race in formulating the problems, approaches, and epistemologies animating scientific work more generally, even when it is not centrally about race as such. We try to understand how the practice of science - and the fashioning of technologies - can be racially marked in both oppressive and liberatory ways, by both dominant and marginalized groups. We want to know, for example, how "whiteness" might get written into science, and whether doing science from historically subordinated racial positions might allow us to see science and technology as well as the history of science and technology, differently. We examine these questions with particular attention to North American political contexts and racial formations. At the end of the course, we consider whether the logic of "race" might not be changing in our contemporary world of genomics and informatics, and with this the way we can usefully respond to configurations of race, science, and technology.

Required Books

Harding, Sandra, ed. The "Racial" Economy of Science: Toward a Democratic Future. Bloomington: Indiana University Press, 1993. ISBN: 0253326931.

Kevles, Daniel J. The Name of Eugenics: Genetics and the Uses of Human Heredity. Cambridge: Harvard University Press, 1995. ISBN: 0520057635.

Assignments

Students will write three 7-page papers, choosing from a selection of topics to be provided by the instructor for each paper. Each paper represents 30% of the subject grade. No emailed papers accepted. Students will also be evaluated on class participation, including discussion and in-class writing exercises (10% of subject grade). Punctual attendance is obligatory. There is no final.