以下是本课程所有作业要求，并附有一些有超连结的作业范例。

Below are all assignments from the course, along with links to a number of student samples.

作业一
Assignment 1

读书心得报告：《疾病的隐喻》
Response Essay: On "Illness as Metaphor"

约2页的讨论，讨论Susan Sontag在本书提出若干观点。 因为作者在很多议题上都有强硬的立场，同学们应很容易就找到个人同意、反对的议题、或只作讨论。作业篇幅不大，所以针对作者的主张，试着保持一致的论点。

Write a brief essay of about two pages discussing some aspect of Susan Sontag's Illness as Metaphor. It should not be hard to find something to agree or disagree with or to otherwise discuss, since Sontag takes strong positions on a number of issues. In the very limited space available to you, try to make a fairly coherent argument about Sontag's claims.

请于第二堂课前交出，逾期不收。

Due in class on Lecture 2, no exceptions.


作业二
Assignment 2

搜集比喻修辞
Trope Quick-pick

针对一到二个主题收集相关比喻辞汇。其中隐喻、换喻与提喻法各要有5个例子。（1页）

Collect a set of tropes concerned with one or two subjects. Give five examples each of metaphor, metonym, and synecdoche. (1 page)

第六堂课缴交。

Due on Lecture 6.

作业三
Assignment 3

短文改写
Essay With Rewrite

写出几点对人类学象征研究的看法，议题可大可小，需使用读物中的例子来说明你的论述。你可以缩小范围到只针对一篇或少数几篇文章，但必须要用于探讨更大的理论议题。（4页，最多5页，使用2倍行距，正常字体）

Write an essay (approximately 4 pages, maximum of 5, double-spaced, normal font) on some aspect of the anthropological study of symbolism. In the essay, you can encompass a large topic or focus in on one narrow but significant point. Use examples from the readings to illustrate your argument. You may zero in on one or a few of the readings, but only if you use them to illustrate some larger discussion of a theoretical issue.

比喻修辞与象征主义的原本内容，是截至目前读物与课堂讨论的二个重点。你可以以修辞的重要性为题作广泛性讨论的文章，但是讨论比喻理论中一个或多个问题可能会更有趣。同样地，你也可以比较两个以上象征主义的范畴，或检视其中之一，亦或思考关于动物与人体的讨论。欢迎与我讨论任何可能的题目。

The two major areas from readings and class discussions so far available are of course tropes and the raw materials of symbolism. You can do a general essay on the importance of tropes, but you may find it more stimulating to take one question or a couple of questions in the theory of tropes. Similarly, you could contrast two or more domains of symbolism or examine one of them, or you could consider some question that was raised in discussions of animals and the human body. I am glad to consult on possible topics.

无论你选了什么题目，请尽量融合概论、细节和实例，而非只重理论空谈或流于旁枝末节。应明确引用指定阅读和其他课程资料，并尽量提出批判性思考。我将与每位同学就作业个别讨论，并提供改写意见，惟同学不当因此将第一个版本视为草稿。

Whichever subject you choose, strive to write an essay that mixes generalities and particulars/examples, without letting your paper become either too abstract or too caught up in messy detail. Cite readings and other class material explicitly, and as much as possible discuss them critically. We will go over your essays in individual meetings, and then you will rewrite them. Do not, however, treat the first version as merely a draft.

第四堂课缴交。

Due before Lecture 14.


个别预约讨论时间。

Consultations will be individually scheduled.

改写版本于期末缴交。

Rewrite due by end of term.

范例 （蒙Shen Qu.同意提供）
Student Sample (Courtesy of Shen Qu. Used with permission.)
(英文PDF)、 (英文DOC)

作业四
Assignment 4

比喻修辞单元指定作业
Tropes Field Assignment

纪录我们的社会中象征主义的领域，并尝试探究其内容与结构。看你找出了哪些隐喻／换喻／提喻法／其他象征？它们彼此间如何相互关联？它们如何影响了人们(如果有的话)？它们如何架构起思维方式(如果有的话)？而它们又传达了哪些主题／思维／情感？

Take some field of symbolism in our own society and explore its content and structure. What metaphors/metonyms/synecdoches/symbols of other kinds do you find? How are they related to each other? How do they influence people, if they do? How do they make sense of something, if they do? How do they structure thought, if they do? What kinds of themes/ideas/emotions do they convey?

本题有上千种的可能性，有些在读物中有提到过：

There are thousands of possibilities, some suggested by our readings:

• 关于不适、疾病、疼痛、药物治疗等的比喻修辞，Sontag 详尽研究此议题。
  tropes about disease and illness, or pain, or medical treatment—Sontag by no means exhausted the subject.
• 自然科学或实验室的比喻修辞。
  tropes in a branch of science, or in the laboratory.
• 某个宗教里的比喻修辞。
  tropes in one religion.
• 广告----啤酒、汽车与其他。
  advertising—beer ads, car ads, etc. etc.
• 童书（例如像人一般动作的动物）。
  children's books (with animals acting like humans etc.).
• 电影。
  movies.
• 不同类型的占卜（占星术、易经、风水等）。
  different kinds of divination (astrology, the I Ching, feng shui, etc. etc.).
• 狩猎、动物权、迪士尼电影中的动物角色，或其他动物的比喻。
  hunting, animal rights, Disney movies with animal characters, other animal tropes.
• 有关美国原住民的修辞，或其他民族团体。
  tropes about or based on Native Americans or other ethnic groups.
• 不曾在课堂讨论过的历史上的相似性。
  historical analogies other than the ones we discussed in class.
• 政治辞令。
  political rhetoric.
• 委婉的说法。
  euphemisms.

民族团体是个绝佳的讨论对象，如果你成长时的环境不使用英语或你来自其他国家、不同文化的族群，非常欢迎你写下自己的例子。你对修辞的分析可能被其他的使用者认同，也可能他们从来没注意过。 如果不知道主题是否适合或具有启发性，可以与我讨论。不过本题不得以神话和仪式为对象，因为接下来会有作业着重于这个部份。

The ethnic groups are almost always a good place to look. If you grew up speaking another language or if you come from a foreign nationality or an ethnic with a distinct culture, feel free to draw on your experiences. The tropes you discuss may be recognized by their users or they may be hidden or unconscious. If you are unsure how suitable or revealing a topic is, feel free to check in with me. The only areas to avoid are myth and ritual, since we will have assignments focusing on those forms later in the term.

虽然在资料收集上必然会投注心力，提醒同学作业最强调的是原创性、理解分析及清楚有说服力的论点。请尽量将课堂所学理论用在你的分析里。作业要三到四页(不可过少或超过太多)，两倍行距、正常版面和字型。

Obviously, you will need to show work and energy in gathering material, but the most important aspects of the paper will be creativity, perceptive analysis, and clear, persuasive argument. As much as possible, use ideas from the course in your analysis. Write three to four pages (no less, not much more), double-spaced, normal margins and font size.

在第十七周缴交。

Due on Lecture 17.

作业五
Assignment 5

第二份田野调查作业
Second Field Assignment

从自己的社会或你很熟悉的社会中，选取一个仪式、象征分类或综合象征（如有关于食物、动物、色彩或身体）为例，选定一个主题，然后尽可能用课堂中所学的方法、思维去分析此例子，以及其中内含的重要性。对主题或分析方法有任何疑虑都可与我讨论。3-4页，双倍行距。

Find and analyze an example from your own society or another you know well of either a ritual; a symbolic classification; or another symbolic complex (e.g. concerning food, animals, color, or the human body). Choose your subject to maximize your ability to analyze it in terms of approaches and ideas from the course as well as its inherent interest. If in doubt about a topic or analytical approach, check with me. Write three to four double-spaced pages.

于第二十周缴交。

Due on Lecture 20.

作业范例（蒙麻省理工学生 Orlando Jaquez 同意提供）
Student Sample (Courtesy of Orlando Jaquez (MIT student). Used with permission.)
(英文PDF)、 (英文DOC)

作业六
Assignment 6

故事写作
Essay on Narrative

从读物、课堂讨论或你自己的看法，写一篇有关故事和生命议题的文章。3页。
Write a brief essay on an issue or issues concerning narrative and life based on readings, class sessions, and your own ideas. Three pages.

于第22堂课缴交。
Due on Lecture 22.


作业七
Assignment 7

Proppiane 故事分析
Proppian Analysis Of Narrative

本分析形式是由Vladimir Propp所创，Benjamin Colby修正(见指定阅读)，此种分析形式适用于依据反覆模式而成的各种故事文体。请直观地列出数个你认为内含模式的故事文体(即使你不清楚确切的模式)，题材可以是电视连续剧、影集、肥皂剧、侦探小说、科幻小说、科技小说、漫画、动画。先选定几个故事，再按Vladimir Propp与Benjamin Colby分析方式中的标准剧情来分析这些故事。点出两个以上故事情节如何吻合这个结构。希望你规避民间故事，但如果你仍作此选择，Humanities Library有丰富资料。三页。
The form of analysis developed by Vladimir Propp and modified in the assigned reading by Benjamin Colby is applicable to any genre of narratives that follow a repetitive pattern or patterns. Take some genre of narrative you know in which it intuitively feels as if there is a pattern even if you aren't sure what it is. Possibilities include television sitcoms or weekly dramas, the soaps, murder mysteries, fantasy, science fiction, comics, Anime. Take a small corpus of stories and try to analyze them according to standard plots in the general approach set out in the readings by Propp and Colby. Show how two or more story plots fit the structure you set out. I prefer that you chose a kind of narrative other than folktales, but if you are drawn to folktales, the Humanities Library has a number of good collections. Write approximately three pages.

于第二十四堂课缴交。
Due on Lecture 24.

作业范例1（蒙Corinne Packard (学生)同意提供）
Student Sample 1 (Courtesy of Corinne Packard (student). Used with permission.)
(英文PDF)、 (英文DOC)
作业范例2（蒙Orlando Jaquez (麻省理工学院学学生) 同意提供）。
Student Sample 2 (Courtesy of Orlando Jaquez (MIT student). Used with permission.)
(英文PDF)、 (英文DOC)

作业八
Assignment 8

结构性神话分析
Structural Myth Analysis Sketch

对一神话作结构性的分析，主题可以是课堂讨论过的或自选。因为受限篇幅，无须做整篇文章分析，只需捡一到数个子题或情节，指出其中造成关键的联系。你不一定会有神话起源地的文化资料，来做绝对性分析之类的工作----本作业旨在验收你对这些理论方法的理解程度。2页，其中可包含表格或图表。

Do a short sketch of a structural analysis of a myth, either one of the myths in the class handout or another of your choosing. Space will not allow you to do anything like a complete analysis, so take one or two dimensions or episodes of the myth and indicate what seem to be a few of the key relations in them. You do not of course have information on the cultures from which the myths derive to do anything like a definitive analysis — the point is to show your understanding of the method and its application to one example. Two pages, including a chart or diagram if you wish to use one.

于第二十六堂课缴交。

Due on Lecture 26.