欢迎加入太空政策书报讨论！我们很高兴这堂课有你的参与，也期望你会发现这堂是既有知识性又有趣的。这堂课程的设计，是希望它能让学生彼此互动并且有参与感。我们欢迎大家随时提出问题和建议来改进这个课程。

• 了解太空政策的重要
• 了解太空事业的风险承担
• 了解太空事业的历史
• 了解管理在太空所作所为的法律实体
• 对最近的太空政策议题有所概念

McDougall, Walter A. 《天与地：太空时代的政治历史》New York: Basic Books, 1985

Launius, Roger D., 和 Howard E. McCurdy. 《太空飞行与总统领导力的迷思》　Urbana: University of Illinois Press, 1997.

经常会从下列书目中挑出必要的资料，影印并且在课堂中发放给同学：
Stone, Deborah A. 《政策诡辩: 作政治决策的艺术》New York : W.W. Norton, 1997.

Spires, David N. 《超越地平线: 美国空军领导太空地位的半世纪》 US Government Printing Office, 1997.

Albert D. Wheelon.《太空政策: 科技, 经济, 公共决策如何交互作用》 工作稿, MIT Program in Science, Technology and Society, 1988.

Reynolds, Glenn H., 和 Robert P. Merges. 《外太空: 法律和政策的课题》Boulder: Westview Press, 1989.

下面有些关于太空政策资讯的网站，去看看也许对你会有帮助。以下网站是给太空政策的"参与者"。其他的连结会在课堂中提供。

• 白宫科技政策办公室 (OSTP)http://www.ostp.gov.
• 众议院科学小组委员会网站, 点选听证会、实证、出版物观看 NASA 和太空立法http://www.house.gov/science.
• 参议院的商业 科学和运输委员会, 这个连结可连到其下的太空委员小组http://www.senate.gov/~commerce/issues/space.htm.
• 美国太空总署, 请看策略计划http://lasp.gsfc.nasa.gov/reports/nasa_strategic_plan2003.pdf.
• 商业司的太空航天商业化部门 http://www.ta.doc.gov/space/tics/.
• 联邦航空局, 商用太空运输管理处 (AST) http://ast.faa.gov.
• 美国国防部通用连结 http://www.defenselink.mil.
• 国家勘测局网站 http://www.nro.mil.
• 美国国防部 太空政策 http://www.dtic.mil/whs/directives/corres/pdf/d310010_070999/d310010p.pdf.
• 政府太空资讯 http://www.hq.nasa.gov/office/pao/History/presrep00/home.html.

这门课有三种类型的作业：

• 阅读：大部分每周都会有大量的指定阅读。准备好于课堂中讨论该周指定阅读。
• 单页备忘录：几乎每周都要缴交相关主题的单页备忘录。这些单页备忘录限定长度在一页以内，基本上的内容是高阶决策人员向你询问背景资讯或是谘询你的建议时会想要听见的。
• 学期团体专题：包括议题研究，论文/模型写作，课堂报告，以及在准备报告时，为同学准备所需阅读资料。这个团体专题是发展一种新型可回收的发射载具所面临相关的技术与架构，以及政策方案。

• 决策备忘录　占50%
• 学期计划　占40%
• 课堂参与　占10%

备忘录必须写得非常清晰，简洁，并且给决策者一个合理的论点。这些备忘录的评分标准包括了拼字和文法以及优美的外观。

参阅Stone著作的备忘录
你是美国总统处理太空事务的特助，而且你才刚到任一天。总统刚刚才读过Stone写的书《政策诡辩》， 并且很喜欢那个蛋糕的譬喻。他要你给他一份单页备忘录，内容是比较各项蛋糕分配法，并举出基于该法的政府政策 (过去或是现在的皆可)，他会希望你使用太空政策为例，但是如果你做不到他也能谅解。

卫星飞越备忘录
现在是西元1956年。你是艾森豪总统的国家安全顾问，总统想要了解国外制造的卫星飞越美国统治下的领土所牵涉的事务。因为这是前所未有的事件，总统要你缴交一份单页备忘录来描述如果苏联成为第一个使用人造卫星飞越美国的国家，美国能什么采取什么行动 (反应)，他希望一星期内报告交到总统办公室 。

登月任务架构备忘录
现在是西元1963年，你是总统的科学顾问。你所担任主席的总统科学顾问委员会(PSAC)建议为登月任务发展一种地球轨道工程，这可以供长期使用，但是会延迟登陆月球的时间。甘迺迪总统要你缴交一份单页备忘录，建议他如何回覆委员会的建议，究竟他该接受或是拒绝PSAC的建议呢？

阿波罗计划备忘录
现在是西元1970年。美国国会正在考虑终止阿波罗计划，并且在阿波罗十七号之后便停止一切任务。你是众议院科学小组委员会太空事务组的成员，而科学小组委员会的主席要求你写一份单页备忘录来详细说明继续进行阿波罗计划的重要原因。在备忘录里面你也必须提到终止阿波罗计划的论点，并加以反驳。主席急切地期望你在一周之内交出备忘录，以便届时他能和与他意见对立的小组委员会成员展开舌战。

挑战者号备忘录
现在是西元1986年一月28日的傍晚。那个早晨在挑战者号太空梭爆炸事件之后，美国太空总署署长指定以你为署内委员会之首，负责商讨因应对策来回应这次的悲剧事件。署长要求你缴交一份单页备忘录，内容是陈述美国太空总署应该如何重建美国人民对于太空计划的信心，并且在最短的时间内让太空梭再度安全地飞行。署长尤其关注太空总署应该对美国人民展现什么样的态度，以及应该要让人民对这个意外了解到什么程度。署长要求你一周之内缴交备忘录。

国际太空站居住舱设计备忘录
你是美国太空总署副署长的特别助理，处理太空站的事务。美国管理与预算局(OMB)建议柯林顿总统停止太空总署按目前计划资助国际太空站居住舱，相反地应建构商业居住舱模组。副署长要求你缴交一份单页备忘录详细说明太空总署应该采取什么因应对策并且解释原因。尤其副署长需要知道她应该赞成或是反对管理与预算局的建议。

月球公约决策备忘录
你是参议院科技与太空小组委员会的成员。联合国月球公约已经通过并且递交到你的小组委员会进行审查与评估。小组委员会的主席，福瑞斯特参议员要求你缴交一份单页备忘录，说明参议院是否该批准这份协议。一如往常，他要求一个完善的理由来支持你的建议。他马上就要和所有小组委员会成员开会，所以希望你的备忘录能够及时完成以便他在会议中可以提出。

美国下一阶段太空发展备忘录
你是白宫科技政策幕僚的太空专员，你的上司，也就是布希总统的科学顾问，最近被总统谘询美国下一步应该着手的太空计划。你的上司要求你缴交一份单页备忘录来说明几个太空计划的方案，并且建议白宫科技政策幕僚应该支持哪项方案。你的上司提醒你，你是为总统效力，因此你提出的计划都应该支持总统的国家施政方针。你的上司一周之内需要这个备忘录，因为一周之后他和总统会有个午后会议，他需要时间检视你的建议。

发展一种可回收发射载具的策略。

背景
这艘太空梭是六零年代晚期制造的，使用寿命可以维持到西元2025年。许多人呼吁美国太空总署研发一种新型的可回收发射载具，以便充分地压低发射器飞行成本。然而，在X-33计划取消之前，这个构想已经实验多次并且已经投注了大量金钱。所以这个专题要构思策略，在2025年之前能够发展新型的可回收发射载具。

成果

• 一份可出版的学术研究论文。期限：第十二堂课
• 一份详细的研究论文纲要。期限：第八堂课
• 所有已查阅的参考书目。期限：第九堂课
• 课堂报告概述研究论文，并引导小组在此议题上作学术讨论。期限：第十一堂课
• 发放阅读资料给所有与会者，提供他们背景知识。　期限：课堂报告一周前

内容
这个专题将完成下列任务：

• 回顾过去美国太空总署和美国空军尝试发展可回收发射载具。
• 评估国际合作发展这种载具的可行性。
• 计算这种系统的潜在商机。
• 研究未来美国太空总署/ 美国空军对于此种载具共同的潜在需求。
• 提出发展此种载具的（具成本效益）策略。

Welcome to the Space Policy seminar! We're pleased to have you, and hope you find the class both informative and enjoyable. This course is designed to be interactive and participatory. We welcome questions and suggestions for course improvements at any time.

• Understand the importance of space policy.
• Understand the stakeholders in the space enterprise.
• Understand the history of the space enterprise.
• Understand the body of law that governs what we do in space.
• Gain a feel for current space policy issues.

McDougall, Walter A. The Heavens and the Earth: A Political History of the Space Age. New York: Basic Books, 1985.

Launius , Roger D., and Howard E. McCurdy. Spaceflight and the Myth of Presidential Leadership. Urbana: University of Illinois Press, 1997.

Other required readings will be photocopied and handed out from time to time from:
Stone, Deborah A. Policy Paradox: The Art of Political Decision Making. New York : W.W. Norton, 1997.

Spires, David N. Beyond Horizons: A Half Century of Air Force Space Leadership. US Government Printing Office, 1997.

Albert D. Wheelon. "Space policy: How Technology, Economics and Public Policy Intersect" Working paper, MIT Program in Science, Technology and Society, 1988.

Reynolds, Glenn H., and Robert P. Merges. Outer Space: Problems of Law and Policy. Boulder: Westview Press, 1989.

There are several web sites for space policy-related information you may find useful to check out. The following are for space policy "players." Additional links will be provided throughout the course.

• Office of Science and Technology Policy (OSTP) http://www.ostp.gov.
• House Science Committee web page, click on hearings, testimony, publications to see NASA and space legislation, http://www.house.gov/science.
• Senate Commerce, Science and Transportation Committee, this link goes to the subcommittee on space, http://www.senate.gov/~commerce/issues/space.htm.
• NASA, look at the strategic plan, http://lasp.gsfc.nasa.gov/reports/nasa_strategic_plan2003.pdf.
• Department of Commerce Office of Air & Space Commercialization, http://www.ta.doc.gov/space/tics/.
• FAA Associate Administrator for Commercial Space Transportation (AST), http://ast.faa.gov.
• Department of Defense general link http://www.defenselink.mil.
• National Reconnaissance Office, http://www.nro.mil.
• DoD Space Policy, http://www.dtic.mil/whs/directives/corres/pdf/d310010_070999/d310010p.pdf.
• Government Space Information, http://www.hq.nasa.gov/office/pao/History/presrep00/home.html.

There are three kinds of assignments for the seminar:

• Reading. Most weeks there will be extensive reading assigned. Please come to class prepared to discuss the readings for the week.
• 1-pg Memos. A 1-page memo on a relevant topic will be due almost each week. These 1-page memos are meant to be no more than 1 page, and are typical of what a high-level decision maker would expect when they ask you for background information or your recommendation.
• Group Term Project. Includes researching the issue, writing a paper/model, making a presentation to the class, and preparing reading materials for the class in preparation for the presentation. The group project will be a study of the technological, architectural and policy options associated with developing a new reusable launch vehicle.

• Decision Memos: 50%
• Term Project: 40%
• Class Participation: 10%

Memos must be clearly written, succinct, and give make a reasoned case to a decision-maker. They will be graded for spelling and grammar as well as good aesthetic presentation.

Memo based on Stone's reading
You are a special assistant to the President of the United States for Space Matters and you have only been on the job for one day. The President has just read the first two chapters of the Stone book "Policy Paradox" and likes the cake story. He wants a one page memo from you that pairs each of the cake distribution methods cited with a government policy (past or present) that is based on that method. He would like you to use space policies but would understand if you cannot.

Satellite Flyover Memo
It is 1956. You are the National Security Advisor to President Eisenhower, and the President would like to understand the implications of overflight of US sovereign territory by satellites of foreign origin. Since this has never happened before, he has asked you for a 1 page memo describing the potential courses of action (responses) the US could take if the Soviet Union were the first to overfly the US with a satellite. He wants the memo on his desk in the Oval Office in one week.

Moon mission architecture based memo
It is 1963 and you are the Science Adviser to the President. The President's Science Advisory Committee (PSAC), which you chair, has recommended the development of an earth orbit infrastructure for the lunar missions. This will develop infrastructure for the long term but delay the moon landing. President Kennedy has asked you for a 1 page memo advising him on what to do about the PSAC recommendation- should he take it or reject it?

Apollo Memo
It is 1970. The Congress is considering terminating the Apollo program, and discontinuing all missions after Apollo 17. You are a Committee Staffer for the House Science Subcommittee on Space, and have been asked by the Subcommittee Chair to write a 1-page memo detailing the important reasons to continue the Apollo Program. In the memo, you should also address the chief arguments for terminating the Program and rebut these. The Chair eagerly expects your memo in one week, at which time he goes to battle with opposing Subcommittee members.

Challenger Memo
It is late afternoon on January 28, 1986. In wake of the Challenger explosion that morning, the NASA Administrator has appointed you head of a select NASA committee chartered to recommend a course of action for the Agency in response to the tragedy. The Administrator has asked you for a 1-page memo describing what NASA should do to reestablish the American people's faith in the space program and get the space shuttles flying safely again as soon as possible. He is particularly concerned with what attitude NASA should portray to the American people, and how much they should know about the accident. He wants your memo in one week.

ISS Hab Module Decision Memo
You are the Special Assistant to the NASA Associate Administrator for Space Station. The Office of Management and Budget (OMB) has recommended to President Clinton that NASA discontinue funding for the International Space Station Habitation Module as currently planned, and instead procure a habitation module commercially. The Associate Administrator has asked you for a 1 page memo detailing what course of action NASA should pursue and why. Specifically, she needs to know if she should concur with the OMB recommendation or go against it.

Moon Treaty Decision Memo
You are a Committee Staffer for the Senate Subcommittee on Science, Technology and Space. The UN Moon Treaty has been passed to your Subcommittee for review and comment. The Chairman of this Subcommittee, Senator Frist, has asked you for a 1 page memo on whether or not the Senate should ratify the Treaty. As always, he expects a sound justification to back up your recommendation. He is meeting with the full Subcommittee soon, and wants your recommendation at that time in order to present it to the subcommittee members.

Next US Space Endeavor Memo
You are the Assistant Director for Space at the Office of Science and Technology Policy. Your boss, the Science Advisor to President Bush, has been asked by the President for a recommendation on the next space project the US should undertake. Your boss has asked you for a 1 page memo describing several project options, and recommending which one the OSTP should back. He reminds you that you work for the President, and any projects should support his agenda for the country. He needs the memo in a week, as he has an afternoon meeting with the President a week from today and will need a some time to review your recommendations.

A strategy for the development of a reusable launch vehicle.

Background
The Shuttle was developed in the late sixties. It's operational life can take it through 2025. Many have called for NASA to develop a new reusable launch vehicle that will substantially reduce the cost of launch to orbit. However, this has been tried before with a great deal of money spent before the project was cancelled (X-33). This project will develop the strategies to develop a new reusable launch vehicle in the 2025 timeframe.

Products

• A publishable, scholarly research paper. Due: Lec #12.
• A detailed outline of the research paper. Due: Lec #8.
• A bibliography of all sources consulted. Due: Lec #9.
• A presentation for the class that summarizes the research paper and leads the group in a scholarly discussion of the issue. Due: Lec #11.
• A set of readings to be distributed to all visitors, to provide them with background. Due: 1 week prior to presentation.

Charter
The project will accomplish the following tasks:

• Review past NASA and Air Force attempts to develop a reusable launch vehicle.
• Assess the possibilities for international cooperation in the development of such a vehicle.
• Determine the potential commercial viability of such a system.
• Study the potential NASA/Air Force joint requirements for such a vehicle.
• Propose (cost-effective) strategies for the development of such a vehicle.