222.657.01 食物和营养政策(Food and Nutrition Policy)

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审定：无 翻译：胡洁(简介并寄信) 编辑：陈盈(简介并寄信)

课程描述

这门课程的目的是使学生熟悉营养问题和事项的政策制定过程步骤和动态。一个一直存在的基本问题，无论哪里有营养问题存在，哪里就可以有直接（比如补助穷人的食物）或间接（比如创收或创造就业机会）处理该问题的政策和项目方案。

基于这门课程的目的，营养和食物政策被视为一套由政府制定的特定并有相关行动的决议，又往往有针对某一营养或食物问题或多个问题的特殊法例支持。我们了解到，政府没有明确表态的政策可能暗示这是放手不理的政策；然而，这门课程希望把重点放在那些明确的政府政策。

有效的政策，包括那些使政策目标得以实现的行动，因此也应该包括那些把政策决议转换成有效项目的方法。政策没有通过执行相应的项目来实现的话，那就是失败的，应该激发大家去了解这些政策没有成效的原因。好项目是好政策的最佳衡量办法，因此课程也把项目包含在广义的政策定义。

一旦问题被定义为与“何事、何人、何时、何地和为何”有关，我们就会问这问题是否需要或者服从一个政策解决办法。如果是这样，那么：什么是最佳方案？谁是利益相关者？谁将支持或反对这项政策？谁为执行计划出资？预期的效果是什么？如何评价？

从传统上来说，营养政策是通过一些项目来完成的，比如：派发、提供获取途径或鼓励人们消费食物和补充物资。明显地，涉及营养过剩的问题就需要不一样的解决办法。营养政策应该是以实证为基础，并且要有目的，旨在满足营养的需要；但食物政策并不一定是同样处理，虽然食物政策常常有营养方面的效果。背景资料方面，我们讨论制定这些政策的实证基础，但前提假设是实证基础是合理的，更为重要的是：

• 制定政策时所处的环境（营养、政治、经济、文化等方面），
• 利益相关者的流程和相互影响，导致制定政策，
• 把政策转换成可行的项目，
• 评价营养方面和其他影响（有意和无意，积极和消极，可测或不可测）和
• 评估阻碍或促进执行政策的势力。

以上是评价政策的标准。我们了解已执行的政策很少能如此系统地进行，但相信这些标准有助于理解现有政策和设计新政策。

The purpose of this course is to familiarize and engage the student in the steps and dynamics of policy making processes that address nutrition problems and issues. An underlying tenant is that, where ever nutrition problems exist, policy and program options may be enacted to address the problem directly (e.g. food subsidies to the poor) and/or indirectly (e.g. income generation or job creation).

For the purpose of this course nutrition and food policy is viewed as a specific set of decisions with related actions, established by a government and often supported by special legislation, which address a nutrition or food problem or set of problems. We realize that the lack of an explicit government policy may represent an implicit "hands off" policy; however, in this course we want to focus on explicit government policies.

Effective policies include actions that enable policy goals to be achieved, and therefore should include a means of translating policy decisions into effective programs. Policies that have not been realized through program implementation represent failures and should stimulate interest in understanding why the policies have remained barren. Good programs are the best measure of good policies, and we therefore include programs in our broad definition of policy.

Once a problem is defined with respect to "what, who, when, where and why," we then ask whether the problem requires or is amenable to a policy solution. If so, what are the best options? Who are the stakeholders? Who will support or resist the policy? Who pays for its implementation? What impact is expected? How is it evaluated?

Traditionally, nutritional policies have been realized through programs that deliver, enable access, or encourage consumption of food or supplements; obviously, problems associated with over-nutrition will require a different approach. Nutrition policies should be evidence-based and purposeful, aiming to meet nutritional needs; the same is not necessarily true of food policies, although they frequently will have nutritional effects. As background we discuss the evidence base of policies, but assuming the evidence base is sound, more important are:

• the contexts (nutritional, political, economic, cultural, etc.) in which policies are developed,
• the processes and interaction of stakeholders which lead to policy decisions,
• the translation of policies into feasible programs,
• the evaluation of nutritional and other impacts (intended and unintended, positive and negative, measurable or not), and
• an assessment of the forces which hinder or help the implementation of the policy.

We evaluate policies on the extent to which they meet these criteria. We recognize that implemented policies rarely play out so systematically, but we believe that these criteria are useful in understanding existing policies and designing new ones.

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